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Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2009Avian influenza (AI) viruses vary in their ability to produce infection, disease and death in different bird species. Based on the pathobiological effect in chickens, AI... (Review)
Review
Avian influenza (AI) viruses vary in their ability to produce infection, disease and death in different bird species. Based on the pathobiological effect in chickens, AI viruses (AIV) are categorised as low pathogenic (LPAIV) or highly pathogenic (HPAIV). Typically, LPAIV cause asymptomatic infections in wild aquatic birds, but when introduced into domesticated poultry, infections may be asymptomatic or produce clinical signs and lesions reflecting pathophysiological damage to the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems. The HPAIV have primarily been seen in gallinaceous poultry, producing high morbidity and mortality, and systemic disease with necrosis and inflammation in multiple visceral organs, nervous and cardiovascular systems, and the integument. Although HPAIV have rarely infected domestic waterfowl or wild birds, the Eurasian-African H5N1 HPAIV have evolved over the past decade with the unique capacity to infect and cause disease in domestic ducks and wild birds, producing a range of syndromes including asymptomatic respiratory and digestive tract infections; systemic disease limited to two or three critical organs, usually the brain, heart and pancreas; and severe disseminated infection and death as seen in gallinaceous poultry. Although experimental studies using intranasal inoculation have produced infection in a variety of wild bird species, the inefficiency of contact transmission in some of them, for example, passerines and Columbiformes, suggests they are unlikely to be a reservoir for the viruses, while others such as some wild Anseriformes, can be severely affected and could serve as a dissemination host over intermediate distances.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Birds; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Poultry; Species Specificity; Virulence
PubMed: 19618622
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Stem Cell Jul 2020SARS-CoV-2 has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need for physiological models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection using human disease-relevant cells. COVID-19...
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need for physiological models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection using human disease-relevant cells. COVID-19 pathophysiology includes respiratory failure but involves other organ systems including gut, liver, heart, and pancreas. We present an experimental platform comprised of cell and organoid derivatives from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). A Spike-enabled pseudo-entry virus infects pancreatic endocrine cells, liver organoids, cardiomyocytes, and dopaminergic neurons. Recent clinical studies show a strong association with COVID-19 and diabetes. We find that human pancreatic beta cells and liver organoids are highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, further validated using adult primary human islets and adult hepatocyte and cholangiocyte organoids. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused striking expression of chemokines, as also seen in primary human COVID-19 pulmonary autopsy samples. hPSC-derived cells/organoids provide valuable models for understanding the cellular responses of human tissues to SARS-CoV-2 infection and for disease modeling of COVID-19.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; Autopsy; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Cell Line; Coronavirus Infections; Hepatocytes; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Liver; Mice; Models, Biological; Organoids; Pancreas; Pandemics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Tropism; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 32579880
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.015 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Sep 2022
Topics: Abdomen; COVID-19; Humans; Pancreas; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35644682
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.04.023 -
Cell Metabolism Aug 2021Emerging evidence points toward an intricate relationship between the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes. While preexisting diabetes is...
Emerging evidence points toward an intricate relationship between the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes. While preexisting diabetes is associated with severe COVID-19, it is unclear whether COVID-19 severity is a cause or consequence of diabetes. To mechanistically link COVID-19 to diabetes, we tested whether insulin-producing pancreatic β cells can be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and cause β cell depletion. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and related entry factors (TMPRSS2, NRP1, and TRFC) are expressed in β cells, with selectively high expression of NRP1. We discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells in patients who succumbed to COVID-19 and selectively infects human islet β cells in vitro. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection attenuates pancreatic insulin levels and secretion and induces β cell apoptosis, each rescued by NRP1 inhibition. Phosphoproteomic pathway analysis of infected islets indicates apoptotic β cell signaling, similar to that observed in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In summary, our study shows SARS-CoV-2 can directly induce β cell killing.
Topics: A549 Cells; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Antigens, CD; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; COVID-19; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Insulin; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropilin-1; Receptors, Transferrin; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 34081912
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Dec 2019In recent years, there have been exciting new insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in a number of areas of immunology. In this edition, a collection of four...
In recent years, there have been exciting new insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in a number of areas of immunology. In this edition, a collection of four review articles are presented, which encompass new findings presented at the Immunology of Diabetes Society meeting in London 2018. The articles are focused particularly in 4 related areas of investigation, which include autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes, new autoantigenic targets for CD4 T cells, trafficking of immune cells to the pancreas and islet-immune interactions in the pancreas.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Islets of Langerhans; Pancreas
PubMed: 31729755
DOI: 10.1111/cei.13396 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Vitamin A (VA), which is stored in several forms in most tissues, is required to maintain metabolite homeostasis and other processes, including the visual cycle, energy... (Review)
Review
Vitamin A (VA), which is stored in several forms in most tissues, is required to maintain metabolite homeostasis and other processes, including the visual cycle, energy balance, epithelial cell integrity, and infection resistance. In recent years, VA molecules, also known as retinoids, have been extensively explored and used in the treatment of skin disorders and immune-related tumors. To date, several observational and interventional studies have explored the relationship between VA status and the pathogenesis of diabetes. In particular, VA micronutrients have been shown to regulate pancreatic development, β-cell function, pancreatic innate immune responses, and pancreatic stellate cells phenotypes through multiple mechanisms. However, there are still many problems to be proven or resolved. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent and available evidence on VA biological metabolism in the pancreas. Analysis of the effects of VA on metabolism in the pancreas will contribute to our understanding of the supportive physiological roles of VA in pancreas protection.
Topics: Animals; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Pancreas; Vitamin A
PubMed: 33679618
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.620941 -
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism:... Nov 2021The widespread extrapulmonary complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have gained momentum; the pancreas is another major target for severe acute... (Review)
Review
The widespread extrapulmonary complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have gained momentum; the pancreas is another major target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we take a closer look into potential pathological interactions. We provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas with a special focus on pancreatic islets and propose direct, indirect, and systemic mechanisms for pancreas injury as result of the COVID-19-diabetes fatal bidirectional relationship.
Topics: Acinar Cells; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Diabetes Mellitus; Glucagon-Secreting Cells; Humans; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Islets of Langerhans; Pancreas; Receptors, Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 34373155
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.004 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Aug 2022Percutaneous pancreatic interventions performed by abdominal radiologists play important diagnostic and therapeutic roles in the management of a wide range of pancreatic... (Review)
Review
Percutaneous pancreatic interventions performed by abdominal radiologists play important diagnostic and therapeutic roles in the management of a wide range of pancreatic pathology. While often performed with endoscopy, pancreatic mass biopsy obtained via a percutaneous approach may serve as the only feasible option for diagnosis in patients with post-surgical anatomy, severe cardiopulmonary conditions, or prior non-diagnostic endoscopic attempts. Biopsy of pancreatic transplants are commonly performed percutaneously due to inaccessible location of the allograft by endoscopy, usually in the right lower quadrant or pelvis. Percutaneous drainage of collections in acute pancreatitis is primarily indicated for infection with clinical deterioration and may be performed alone or in combination with endoscopic drainage. Post-surgical pancreatic collections related to pancreatic duct fistula or leak also often warrant therapeutic percutaneous drainage. Knowledge of appropriate indications, strategies of approach, technique, and complications associated with these procedures is critical for a successful clinical practice.
Topics: Acute Disease; Biopsy; Drainage; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatitis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34410433
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03244-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related major health consequences involve the lungs, a growing body of evidence indicates that COVID-19 is not inert to the... (Review)
Review
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related major health consequences involve the lungs, a growing body of evidence indicates that COVID-19 is not inert to the pancreas either. This review presents a summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of pancreatic dysfunction during the course of COVID-19, the comparison of the effects of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on pancreatic function, and a summary of how drugs used in COVID-19 treatment may affect this organ. It appears that diabetes is not only a condition that predisposes a patient to suffer from more severe COVID-19, but it may also develop as a consequence of infection with this virus. Some SARS-CoV-2 inpatients experience acute pancreatitis due to direct infection of the tissue with the virus or due to systemic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) accompanied by elevated levels of amylase and lipase. There are also reports that reveal a relationship between the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has been postulated that evaluation of pancreatic function should be increased in post-COVID-19 patients, both adults and children.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Serine Endopeptidases; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35055050
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020864 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023In slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM), the pancreas shows sustained islet inflammation, pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia/dysplasia...
In slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM), the pancreas shows sustained islet inflammation, pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia/dysplasia (ADM), and intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a precancerous lesion. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. The presence of enterovirus (EV) encoded-capsid protein 1 (VP1) and -2A protease (2A) and the innate immune responses of the pancreas were studied using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in 12 SPIDDM and 19 non-diabetic control pancreases. VP1, 2A, and EV-RNA were detected in islets and the exocrine pancreas in all SPIDDM pancreases. Innate immune receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and interferon (IFN)-beta1 were intensified in the islets of SPIDDM patients with short disease duration. However, expressions of MDA5 and IFN-beta1were suppressed in those with longer disease duration. CD3 T cell infiltration was observed in the VP1- and insulin-positive islets (insulitis) and exocrine acinar cells. CD11c dendritic cells (DCs) in islets were scarce in long-term SPIDDM. This study showed the consistent presence of EV, suggesting an association with inflammatory changes in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas in SPIDDM. Suppressed expressions of MDA5 and IFN-beta1, as well as decreased numbers of DCs in the host cells, may contribute to persistent EV infection and induction of ADM/PanIN lesions, which may potentially provide a scaffold for pancreatic neoplasms.
Topics: Humans; Enterovirus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Pancreas; Enterovirus Infections; Pancreas, Exocrine; Antigens, Viral; Islets of Langerhans
PubMed: 37117225
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33011-7