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Viruses Feb 2021Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33672465
DOI: 10.3390/v13020321 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at... (Review)
Review
Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of infection with both low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Chronic immunosuppression provides an environment for persistent HPV infection which carries a higher risk of malignant transformation. Screening guidelines have been developed or advocated for processes that have detectable premalignant lesions, such as anal cancer or cervical cancer. For other anatomic locations, such as cutaneous, penile, and oropharyngeal, a biopsy of suspicious lesions is necessary for diagnosis. HPV cannot be cultured from clinical specimens in the laboratory, and diagnosis relies on cytologic, histologic, or molecular methods.
Topics: Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 27726787
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0001-2015 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are among the most effective vaccines available, the first to prevent infection by a mucosatropic sexually transmitted infectious...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are among the most effective vaccines available, the first to prevent infection by a mucosatropic sexually transmitted infectious agent and to do so without specific induction of mucosal immunity. Currently available prophylactic HPV vaccines are based on virus-like particles that self-assemble spontaneously from the L1 major capsid protein. The first HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006. All vaccines target HPV-16 and HPV-18, types which cause the majority of HPV-attributable cancers. As of 2020, HPV vaccines had been introduced into national immunization programs in more than 100 countries. Vaccination polices have evolved; most programs target vaccination of young adolescent girls, with an increasing number also including boys. The efficacy and safety found in prelicensure trials have been confirmed by data from national immunization programs. The dramatic impact and effectiveness observed has stimulated interest in ambitious disease reduction goals.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 34590141
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa621 -
Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation... 2017Human papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses with a tropism for squamous epithelia. A unique aspect of human papillomavirus molecular biology involves dependence on the... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses with a tropism for squamous epithelia. A unique aspect of human papillomavirus molecular biology involves dependence on the differentiation status of the host epithelial cell to complete the viral lifecycle. A small group of these viruses are the etiologic agents of several types of human cancers, including oral and anogenital tract carcinomas. This review focuses on the basic molecular biology of human papillomaviruses.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epithelium; Genome, Viral; Humans; Molecular Biology; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Squamous Cell; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 28528688
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.002 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Mar 2015Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have co-evolved slowly in this way typically cause chronic inapparent infections, with virion production in the absence of apparent disease. This is the case for many Beta and Gamma HPV types. The Alpha papillomavirus types have however evolved immunoevasion strategies that allow them to cause persistent visible papillomas. These viruses activate the cell cycle as the infected epithelial cell differentiates in order to create a replication competent environment that allows viral genome amplification and packaging into infectious particles. This is mediated by the viral E6, E7, and E5 proteins. High-risk E6 and E7 proteins differ from their low-risk counterparts however in being able to drive cell cycle entry in the upper epithelial layers and also to stimulate cell proliferation in the basal and parabasal layers. Deregulated expression of these cell cycle regulators underlies neoplasia and the eventual progression to cancer in individuals who cannot resolve high-risk HPV infection. Most work to date has focused on the study of high-risk HPV types such as HPV 16 and 18, which has led to an understanding of the molecular pathways subverted by these viruses. Such approaches will lead to the development of better strategies for disease treatment, including targeted antivirals and immunotherapeutics. Priorities are now focused toward understanding HPV neoplasias at sites other than the cervix (e.g. tonsils, other transformation zones) and toward understanding the mechanisms by which low-risk HPV types can sometimes give rise to papillomatosis and under certain situations even cancers.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 25752814
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1822 -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2018Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and skin-to-skin genital contact is sufficient for virus transmission. Cervical cancer is the...
Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and skin-to-skin genital contact is sufficient for virus transmission. Cervical cancer is the second-most common cancer in women living in less developed regions, with an estimated 445,000 new cases in 2012 and 230,000 deaths every year. Until now, more than 200 types of HPV have been identified, and about 15 types (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, -68, -82) have been shown to cause cervical cancer because they are able to transform infected cells into malignant tumor cells. The bivalent vaccine containing the serotypes 16 and 18 and the quadrivalent vaccine containing the serotypes 16, 18, 6 and 11, have been used in Italy for many years. The European Medicines Agency authorized marketing of the Gardasil 9 vaccine in the European Union on June 2015. Today, Public Health targets the immunization of adolescents of both genders based on new and important scientific evidence for maximum protection from all HPV related pathologies directly preventable with vaccination.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alphapapillomavirus; Child; Female; Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18; Humans; Italy; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Precancerous Conditions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 30062377
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2018.2231 -
Viruses Oct 2019Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma,... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute to the progression of HPV + HNC by interfering with tumor suppressor miRNA and impairing mediators of the immune system. This review summarizes current studies on HPV + HNC, ranging from potential modes of oral transmission of HPV (sexual, self-inoculation, vertical and horizontal transmissions), discrepancy in the distribution of HPV + HNC between anatomical sites in the head and neck region, and to studies showing that HPV vaccines have the potential to protect against oral HPV infection (especially against the HPV types included in the vaccines). The review concludes with a discussion of major challenges in the field and prospects for the future: challenges in diagnosing HPV + HNC at early stages of the disease, measures to reduce discrepancy in the prevalence of HPV + HNC cases between anatomical sites, and suggestions to assess whether fomites/breast milk can transmit HPV to the oral cavity.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 31600915
DOI: 10.3390/v11100922 -
Viruses Dec 2021The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or... (Review)
Review
The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or mucosa, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, placing young women at a high risk of contracting it. Although the vast majority of cases spontaneously clear within 1-2 years, persistent HPV infection remains a serious concern, as it has repeatedly been linked to the development of multiple malignancies, including cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Additionally, more recent data suggest a harmful effect of HPV infection on pregnancy. As the maternal hormonal environment and immune system undergo significant changes during pregnancy, the persistence of HPV is arguably favored. Various studies have reported an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HPV-positive women, with the clinical impact encompassing a range of conditions, including preterm birth, miscarriage, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (PIHD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, the premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and fetal death. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms employed by HPV that negatively impact pregnancy and assessing potential approaches to counteract them would be of interest in the quest to optimize pregnancy outcomes and improve child survival and health.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 34960724
DOI: 10.3390/v13122455 -
Structure, Genome, Infection Cycle and Clinical Manifestations Associated with Human Papillomavirus.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2019A small, non-enveloped, obligatory parasite, Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be the cause of a range of malignancies. These entail benign infections like genital... (Review)
Review
A small, non-enveloped, obligatory parasite, Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be the cause of a range of malignancies. These entail benign infections like genital warts as well as malignant, life-threatening conditions such as cervical cancer. Since a very high mortality rate is associated with HPV caused cancers (cervical cancer is a 2nd leading cause of death caused due to cancer among women globally), there is an escalating need to understand and search for ways to combat such medical conditions. Under the same light, the given article provides an insight into the world of this versatile pathogen. Distinct aspects related to HPV have been discussed here. Emphasis has been laid upon the composition, function and assembly of capsid proteins (structural studies) and various genetic elements and their gene products (genomic studies). The essence of the mechanism behind the development of persistent infection and modes responsible for the transmission of the infectious particles has been briefly covered. Finally, the review outlines various infections and diseases caused by HPV with a major focus on their clinical and histological manifestations.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Genome, Viral; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Protein Conformation; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 31376818
DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190802115722 -
Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Oct 2018Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of malignant and benign neoplasms. Approximately 40 viral types can infect the anogenital mucosa and... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of malignant and benign neoplasms. Approximately 40 viral types can infect the anogenital mucosa and are categorized into high- and low-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus, depending on their association with the development of cervical carcinoma. High-risk human papillomavirus 16 and 18 are detected in 55% and 15% of all invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomas worldwide, respectively. Low-risk human papillomavirus 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts and are also associated with the development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Human papillomavirus preferentially infects mitotic active cells of the basal layer from both mucosal and cutaneous epithelium through microabrasions. The viral life cycle synchronizes with the epithelial differentiation program, which may be due, in part, to the binding of differentially expressed cellular transcription factors to the long control region throughout the various epithelial layers. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which viral gene expression is regulated and the influence of human papillomavirus heterogeneity upon this phenomenon. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms may elucidate the particularities of human papillomavirus-associated pathogenesis and may provide new tools for antiviral therapy.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 30328948
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e486s