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Viruses Feb 2021Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33672465
DOI: 10.3390/v13020321 -
Virology Jun 2004One hundred eighteen papillomavirus (PV) types have been completely described, and a yet higher number of presumed new types have been detected by preliminary data such... (Review)
Review
One hundred eighteen papillomavirus (PV) types have been completely described, and a yet higher number of presumed new types have been detected by preliminary data such as subgenomic amplicons. The classification of this diverse group of viruses, which include important human pathogens, has been debated for three decades. This article describes the higher-order PV taxonomy following the general criteria established by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), reviews the literature of the lower order taxa, lists all known "PV types", and interprets their phylogenetic relationship. PVs are a taxonomic family of their own, Papillomaviridae, unrelated to the polyomaviruses. Higher-order phylogenetic assemblages of PV types, such as the "genital human PVs", are considered a genus, the latter group, for example, the genus "Alpha-Papillomavirus". Lower-order assemblages of PV types within each genus are treated as species because they are phylogenetically closely related, but while they have distinct genomic sequences, they have identical or very similar biological or pathological properties. The taxonomic status of PV types, subtypes, and variants remains unchanged and is based on the traditional criteria that the sequence of their L1 genes should be at least 10%, 2-10%, and maximally 2% dissimilar from one another.
Topics: Papillomaviridae; Phylogeny
PubMed: 15183049
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033 -
Viruses Oct 2019Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma,... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute to the progression of HPV + HNC by interfering with tumor suppressor miRNA and impairing mediators of the immune system. This review summarizes current studies on HPV + HNC, ranging from potential modes of oral transmission of HPV (sexual, self-inoculation, vertical and horizontal transmissions), discrepancy in the distribution of HPV + HNC between anatomical sites in the head and neck region, and to studies showing that HPV vaccines have the potential to protect against oral HPV infection (especially against the HPV types included in the vaccines). The review concludes with a discussion of major challenges in the field and prospects for the future: challenges in diagnosing HPV + HNC at early stages of the disease, measures to reduce discrepancy in the prevalence of HPV + HNC cases between anatomical sites, and suggestions to assess whether fomites/breast milk can transmit HPV to the oral cavity.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 31600915
DOI: 10.3390/v11100922 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at... (Review)
Review
Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of infection with both low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Chronic immunosuppression provides an environment for persistent HPV infection which carries a higher risk of malignant transformation. Screening guidelines have been developed or advocated for processes that have detectable premalignant lesions, such as anal cancer or cervical cancer. For other anatomic locations, such as cutaneous, penile, and oropharyngeal, a biopsy of suspicious lesions is necessary for diagnosis. HPV cannot be cultured from clinical specimens in the laboratory, and diagnosis relies on cytologic, histologic, or molecular methods.
Topics: Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 27726787
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0001-2015 -
Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation... 2017Human papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses with a tropism for squamous epithelia. A unique aspect of human papillomavirus molecular biology involves dependence on the... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses with a tropism for squamous epithelia. A unique aspect of human papillomavirus molecular biology involves dependence on the differentiation status of the host epithelial cell to complete the viral lifecycle. A small group of these viruses are the etiologic agents of several types of human cancers, including oral and anogenital tract carcinomas. This review focuses on the basic molecular biology of human papillomaviruses.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epithelium; Genome, Viral; Humans; Molecular Biology; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Squamous Cell; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 28528688
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.002 -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2018Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and skin-to-skin genital contact is sufficient for virus transmission. Cervical cancer is the...
Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and skin-to-skin genital contact is sufficient for virus transmission. Cervical cancer is the second-most common cancer in women living in less developed regions, with an estimated 445,000 new cases in 2012 and 230,000 deaths every year. Until now, more than 200 types of HPV have been identified, and about 15 types (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, -68, -82) have been shown to cause cervical cancer because they are able to transform infected cells into malignant tumor cells. The bivalent vaccine containing the serotypes 16 and 18 and the quadrivalent vaccine containing the serotypes 16, 18, 6 and 11, have been used in Italy for many years. The European Medicines Agency authorized marketing of the Gardasil 9 vaccine in the European Union on June 2015. Today, Public Health targets the immunization of adolescents of both genders based on new and important scientific evidence for maximum protection from all HPV related pathologies directly preventable with vaccination.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alphapapillomavirus; Child; Female; Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18; Humans; Italy; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Precancerous Conditions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 30062377
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2018.2231 -
Viruses Dec 2021The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or... (Review)
Review
The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or mucosa, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, placing young women at a high risk of contracting it. Although the vast majority of cases spontaneously clear within 1-2 years, persistent HPV infection remains a serious concern, as it has repeatedly been linked to the development of multiple malignancies, including cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Additionally, more recent data suggest a harmful effect of HPV infection on pregnancy. As the maternal hormonal environment and immune system undergo significant changes during pregnancy, the persistence of HPV is arguably favored. Various studies have reported an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HPV-positive women, with the clinical impact encompassing a range of conditions, including preterm birth, miscarriage, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (PIHD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, the premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and fetal death. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms employed by HPV that negatively impact pregnancy and assessing potential approaches to counteract them would be of interest in the quest to optimize pregnancy outcomes and improve child survival and health.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 34960724
DOI: 10.3390/v13122455 -
Virus Research Mar 2017Papillomavirus life cycle is tightly coupled to epithelial cell differentiation, which has hindered the investigation of many aspects of papillomavirus biology,... (Review)
Review
Papillomavirus life cycle is tightly coupled to epithelial cell differentiation, which has hindered the investigation of many aspects of papillomavirus biology, including virion assembly. The development of in vitro production methods of papillomavirus pseudoviruses, and the production of "native" virus in raft cultures have facilitated the study of some aspects of the assembly process. In this paper we review the current knowledge of papillomavirus assembly, directions for future research, and the implications of these studies on new therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Keratinocytes; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27840111
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.010 -
Tumour Virus Research Jun 2021Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much... (Review)
Review
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Oncogenes; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
PubMed: 33716206
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213 -
Virology Oct 2013We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus... (Review)
Review
We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus types, recovered from 54 different host species, are currently available in GenBank. The recent characterizations of reptilian papillomaviruses extend the host range of the Papillomaviridae to include all amniotes. Although the genetically diverse papillomaviruses have a highly conserved genomic lay-out, deviations from this prototypic genome organization are observed in several animal papillomaviruses, and only the core ORFs E1, E2, L2 and L1 are present in all characterized papillomavirus genomes. The discovery of papilloma-polyoma hybrids BPCV1 and BPCV2, containing a papillomaviral late region but an early region encoding typical polyomaviral nonstructural proteins, and the detection of recombination breakpoints between the early and late coding regions of cetacean papillomaviruses, could indicate that early and late gene cassettes of papillomaviruses are relatively independent entities that can be interchanged by recombination.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Genetic Variation; Host Specificity; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 23711385
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.007