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Human Genetics Jun 2020Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia. There are 5 genera and more than 200 types of HPV, each with a specific tropism and... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia. There are 5 genera and more than 200 types of HPV, each with a specific tropism and virulence. HPV infections are typically asymptomatic or result in benign tumors, which may be disseminated or persistent in rare cases, but a few oncogenic HPVs can cause cancers. This review deals with the human genetic and immunological basis of interindividual clinical variability in the course of HPV infections of the skin and mucosae. Typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is characterized by β-HPV-driven flat wart-like and pityriasis-like cutaneous lesions and non-melanoma skin cancers in patients with inborn errors of EVER1-EVER2-CIB1-dependent skin-intrinsic immunity. Atypical EV is associated with other infectious diseases in patients with inborn errors of T cells. Severe cutaneous or anogenital warts, including anogenital cancers, are also driven by certain α-, γ-, μ or ν-HPVs in patients with inborn errors of T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The genetic basis of HPV diseases at other mucosal sites, such as oral multifocal epithelial hyperplasia or juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP), remains poorly understood. The human genetic dissection of HPV-driven lesions will clarify the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HPVs, and should lead to novel diagnostic, preventive, and curative approaches in patients.
Topics: Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 32435828
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02183-x -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Jun 2024To suit the needs of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) community comprehensively, a range of commercial HPV tests with different performance characteristics are required.... (Review)
Review
To suit the needs of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) community comprehensively, a range of commercial HPV tests with different performance characteristics are required. Four periodic inventories of commercial HPV molecular tests present in the global market were published previously in 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2020. For the fifth inventory, data were retrieved from internal files and a detailed search using the main bibliographic databases as well as general internet search without period or language restrictions was performed in December 2023. At least 264 distinct HPV tests (and 511 test variants) were available globally in December 2023. A small 2020-2023 net increase in total numbers was observed, but with a strong introduction/withdrawal dynamic: 86 new distinct HPV tests (and 141 variants) were introduced and 76 tests (and 55 variants) were withdrawn from the market in the last four years. Although quality improvement of some tests was recorded, half of all HPV tests are still without a single peer-reviewed publication, and 79 % of tests are without published evidence that demonstrate performance characteristics are in line with requirements agreed in the HPV community. Only a relatively small pool of tests fulfill the operational/performance characteristics required to meet the global cervical cancer screening challenge. Although clinical and analytical performance characteristics of many commercial HPV tests are largely unknown, such tests are used worldwide in daily clinical practice and research, with potentially deleterious consequences. Due to this long-lasting unfavorable situation, significant scope for improvement persists for both manufacturers of HPV tests and the HPV community.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Global Health; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38518504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105671 -
Journal of Medical Virology May 2024Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse family of non-enveloped dsDNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal epithelia. Persistent HPV infections can lead to cancer... (Review)
Review
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse family of non-enveloped dsDNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal epithelia. Persistent HPV infections can lead to cancer frequently involving integration of the virus into the host genome, leading to sustained oncogene expression and loss of capsid and genome maintenance proteins. Microhomology-mediated double-strand break repair, a DNA double-stranded breaks repair pathway present in many organisms, was initially thought to be a backup but it's now seen as vital, especially in homologous recombination-deficient contexts. Increasing evidence has identified microhomology (MH) near HPV integration junctions, suggesting MH-mediated repair pathways drive integration. In this comprehensive review, we present a detailed summary of both the mechanisms underlying MH-mediated repair and the evidence for its involvement in HPV integration in cancer. Lastly, we highlight the involvement of these processes in the integration of other DNA viruses and the broader implications on virus lifecycles and host innate immune response.
Topics: Humans; Papillomaviridae; Carcinogenesis; Papillomavirus Infections; Virus Integration; DNA Repair; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; DNA, Viral
PubMed: 38757834
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29674 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Oct 2020Background: Infection with an oncogenic type of human papillomavirus is a prerequisite for the development of precancerous cervical lesions and its subsequent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Background: Infection with an oncogenic type of human papillomavirus is a prerequisite for the development of precancerous cervical lesions and its subsequent progression to cervical cancer. With an alarming increase in the detection of other suspicious papillomavirus genotypes in both healthy and women with cervical lesions, there is a need for comprehensive data on cervical papillomavirus infection to address cervical cancer and other associated disease burden, especially in Sub-Sarahan Africa, where the bulk of the problem exists. The present study was conducted to develop comprehensive data on the prevalence and circulating genotypes of human papillomavirus in various risk categories in Nigeria. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications on cervical papillomavirus infection were performed. Relevant data were extracted from eligible studies published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from inception to July 31, 2019. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. We identified 327 potential studies and pooled data from 18 studies, involving 5697 women aged 15-86 years. Results: The overall pooled prevalence of cervical papillomavirus infection was 42% (95%CI: 30-54%) in the general population and 37% (95%CI: 25-50%) among women living with HIV/AIDS, with the predominance of genotypes 16, 18, 31, 35, 52, 58 and 45. The highest prevalence was observed in teenagers and young adults and the second peak in women 50 years and above. Conclusion: The prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection is cumulatively high in Nigeria and HIV is a strong co-factor. We, therefore, strongly recommend the co-screening of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer and integration of the intervention strategy into the existing HIV-care guideline in Nigeria.
Topics: Female; Humans; Nigeria; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; Prognosis; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 33112538
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.2837 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2022Anal cancer is preceded by high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) infection, predominantly HPV16. No HPV assay is licenced for use in anal screening. We aimed to...
OBJECTIVE
Anal cancer is preceded by high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) infection, predominantly HPV16. No HPV assay is licenced for use in anal screening. We aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of four anal canal swab HPV assays to predict high-grade squamous epithelial lesions (HSIL).
METHODS
In a cohort of Australian HIV-positive and negative gay and bisexual men, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of detection of 13 anal HRHPV genotypes by Linear Array (LA), Cobas 4800, EuroArray, and Anyplex II HPV28 (+ and ++ cut offs), compared their ability to predict prevalent anal HSIL, and compared anal canal HRHPV detection with HRHPV isolated from HSIL using laser capture microdissection (LCM).
RESULTS
A total of 475 participants had baseline results available for all four assays (166, 35.0% HIV positive), and 169 participants had a diagnosis of cytological and/or histological HSIL. The HPV16 and any HRHPV detection were highest with Anyplex II HPV28 (+) (156, 32.8% 95% CI 28.6-37.2 and 359, 75.6%, 95% CI 71.5-79.4, respectively). For detection of concurrent HSIL and HPV16, the assay sensitivity was similar, ranging from 49.1%, 95% CI 41.4-56.9 (Anyplex II HPV28 ++) to 55.0%, 95% CI 47.2-62.7 (Anyplex II HPV28 +). For concurrent HSIL and any HRHPV detection, EuroArray was more specific than Anyplex II HPV28 (+) (45.9% 95% CI 40.2-51.7 vs 36.7%, 95% CI 31.3-42.4, p = 0.021) and had comparable specificity with Anyplex II HPV28 (++) (45.9% vs 47.2%, 95% CI 41.5-53.0, p = 0.75). All assays had high sensitivities for predicting HPV16 detected on LCM (92.5-97.5%). Anyplex II HPV28 and EuroArray were significantly more sensitive than LA for lesions caused by non-HPV16 HRHPV types on LCM.
DISCUSSION
Anyplex II HPV28 and EuroArray detected more non-16 HRHPV genotypes than LA. Increasing the Anyplex II HPV28 cutoff improved specificity without compromising sensitivity for detection of concurrent HSIL.
Topics: Male; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Alphapapillomavirus; Anal Canal; Papillomavirus Infections; Australia; Human papillomavirus 16
PubMed: 35809783
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.027 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Oct 2014Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted virus in humans. The virus is of great interest as it is the etiological agent of...
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted virus in humans. The virus is of great interest as it is the etiological agent of cervical cancer. Sexual transmission of HPV is generally accepted, however, non-sexual transmission of the virus is often debated. Here, we review the evidence from basic research and clinical studies that show HPV can survive well outside of its host to potentially be transmitted by non-sexual means. In doing so, we hope to discover problems in current prevention practices and show a need for better disinfectants to combat the spread of HPV.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Female; Fomites; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 25199987
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.959497 -
Journal of Medical Virology Dec 2020This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of and factors associated with persistence and clearance of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of and factors associated with persistence and clearance of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections.
METHOD
A prospective cohort study invited 458 subjects (231 HPV-positive and 227 HPV-negative at baseline) to attend follow-ups at 12 months. Those 231 HPV-positive subjects and 10 new infections were invited to reassessment at 24 months. We used next-gen sequencing for detection and genotyping of HPV.
RESULTS
α-HPV infections showed higher persistence rates than β/γ-HPV (22.7% vs 9.2% at 12 months [P < .05], 10.6% vs 6.8% at 24 months [P = .30]). Clearance rates of α-HPV were lower than β/γ-HPV at 12 months (31.8% vs 45.1%; P = .05) and higher at 24 months (7.6% vs 4.8%; P = .36). Persistence of β/γ-HPV was positively associated with males (crude odds ratio [COR] = 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-11.2), elderly (51-65 vs 16-50 years; COR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.2-22.3), and smoking (COR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.9-9.6). Drinking (COR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9), handwashing less than 90% of times before meals (COR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9), and using public bath more than once per month (COR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.2-0.9) were risk factors hindering β/γ-HPV clearance.
CONCLUSIONS
This study identified factors associated with persistence and clearance of oral HPV infections among Chinese. Studies on other ethnogeographic groups may further inform prevention strategies of oral HPV infection and immunization programmes.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Adult; Aged; Young Adult; Adolescent; Genotype; Incidence; Risk Factors; Papillomaviridae; Mouth Diseases; Mouth; Alphapapillomavirus
PubMed: 32492214
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26130 -
Viruses May 2015The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic integrity through an elaborate network of signaling pathways that sense DNA damage and recruit effector factors to repair... (Review)
Review
The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic integrity through an elaborate network of signaling pathways that sense DNA damage and recruit effector factors to repair damaged DNA. DDR signaling pathways are usurped and manipulated by the replication programs of many viruses. Here, we review the papillomavirus (PV) life cycle, highlighting current knowledge of how PVs recruit and engage the DDR to facilitate productive infection.
Topics: DNA Damage; DNA Repair; DNA, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Papillomaviridae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26008695
DOI: 10.3390/v7052450 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... 2023A persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical neoplasms; however, most studies have focused on risk...
BACKGROUND
A persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical neoplasms; however, most studies have focused on risk factors associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18 only.
OBJECTIVES
We assessed the association of risk factors with the prevalence of HPV-16, HPV-18, and non-16/18 HR-HPV infection and with the occurrence of cervical lesions in the baseline of a cohort study of HPV persistence in a Mexican population.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study within the baseline of a 5-year dynamic cohort study of HR-HPV persistence in women with an abnormal cytology study result from 2015 to 2021. HPV DNA was detected using the Anyplex II HPV 28 kit. Data on lifestyle, sociodemographic, and reproductive factors were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine the association of risk factors with HR-HPV infection status and histopathologic diagnosis.
RESULTS
A total of 373 women were included in the study. The overall prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 69.97%. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes, including single and multiple infections, were HPV-53 (13.4%), HPV-16 (11.8%), HPV-58 (10.9%), HPV-31 (10.9%), and HPV-66 (10.7%). We found 90 multiple HR-HPV infection patterns, all of them with α-6 and -9 species. Significant associations of multiple HPV-16 and non-16/18 HR-HPV infections were found with marital status, number of lifetime sexual partners, and smoking history. The most prevalent genotype in CIN1 and CIN2 patients was HPV-16. No association was found between biological plausibility risk factors and cervical lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
The risk factors for non-16/18 HR-HPV multiple infections are no different than those linked to HPV-16 multiple infections.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Cohort Studies; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Risk Factors; Papillomaviridae; Human papillomavirus 16; Genotype
PubMed: 37751562
DOI: 10.1177/10732748231202925 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2022The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using...
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using a pap smear. A total of 120 serum samples, 60 samples were taken from infected females with papillomavirus and another 60 as healthy control. These samples were collected after pap smears were done. These women attended Al-Emam Hospital for delivery from March 1st, 2021, to February 28th, 2022. The levels of Pap-IgM and Pap-IgG were increasing among patients attacked by papilloma. The levels of viruses were higher than in levels than control groups, which was indicated by increases in the scores of mean and standard deviation (2.01±1.17, 0.11±0.02), (14.24±7.10, 0.4±0.17), respectively. Statistically, these differences between the levels of the studied groups were highly significant. The levels of the three markers Ca19.9, Ca125, and Ca15.3 were normal in levels among papilloma patients and the control group compared to the normal value of the three markers, which equaled N.V. (>37ng/ml). Statistically, these differences between the scores of the three markers, which were measured depending on mean and standard deviation, were highly significant. There is a low positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with levels of Ca19.9 (>37) with (r=0.409**, =0.000), while there is a moderate association between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with Ca125 (>35ng/ml) and Ca15.3 (>37ng/ml) levels with (r=0.574**, 0.565**, =0.000, 0.000) respectively. Also, this table documents that there is a moderate positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgG (>1) and the levels of the three tumor markers Ca19.9 (>37), Ca125 (>35), and Ca15.3 (>37) (r=0.521**, 0.592**, 0.647**). The gene expression was investigated in patients infected with Papillomaviruses compared to healthy controls using real-time PCR. The results showed a high Ct value for patients and controls with a high Ct value of templates, preoperational to the gene concentration.
Topics: Female; Humans; Human papillomavirus 16; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Papanicolaou Test; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 37274879
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359292.2397