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Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology Feb 2021Normal labor is identified as regular uterine contractions in addition to dilation and effacement of the cervix. It is necessary to define normal labor in order to... (Review)
Review
Normal labor is identified as regular uterine contractions in addition to dilation and effacement of the cervix. It is necessary to define normal labor in order to delineate when a woman's labor pattern diverges from that observed in most women. Labor irregularities are subdivided into protraction disorders and arrest disorders. Identifying abnormal labor patterns and initiating appropriate interventions is essential because prolonged labor is associated with an increase in perinatal morbidity. The aim of this review was to delineate both normal labor progress and also discuss the current evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of protraction and arrest disorders. Many subtleties go into defining the boundaries of the first and second stages of labor. Historically, the Friedman curve established normal limits; but currently Zhang has advanced these definitions by accounting for current demographical characteristics and practice environments. The most significant variables for defining normal progress of labor are parity and regional anesthesia status. The most common causes of labor abnormalities are uterine inactivity, obesity, cephalopelvic disproportion and fetal malposition. Risks of extending the first and/or second stage of labor include postpartum hemorrhage, intraamniotic infection and potentially an increase in neonatal adverse outcomes. The management of labor disorders consists of oxytocin administration, amniotomy, intrauterine pressure catheter use and shared decision-making regarding proceeding with expectant management, operative vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery after weighing the risks and benefits of each option. The decision to extend the duration of labor is personalized for each mother-baby dyad and should be agreed upon depending on individual maternal and fetal circumstances.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Dystocia; Female; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Parity; Pregnancy; Time Factors
PubMed: 32882117
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-606X.20.04644-4 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Feb 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Parity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35599001
DOI: 10.5551/jat.ED203 -
Reproduction, Fertility, and Development Dec 2021Although puberty can occur as early as 14-15months of age, depending on breed and use, the reproductive career of mares may continue to advanced ages. Once mares are... (Review)
Review
Although puberty can occur as early as 14-15months of age, depending on breed and use, the reproductive career of mares may continue to advanced ages. Once mares are used as broodmares, they will usually produce foals once a year until they become unfertile, and their productivity can be enhanced and/or prolonged through embryo technologies. There is a general consensus that old mares are less fertile, but maternal age and parity are confounding factors because nulliparous mares are usually younger and older mares are multiparous in most studies. This review shows that age critically affects cyclicity, folliculogenesis, oocyte and embryo quality as well as presence of oviductal masses and uterine tract function. Maternal parity has a non-linear effect. Primiparity has a major influence on placental and foal development, with smaller foals at the first gestation that remain smaller postnatally. After the first gestation, endometrial quality and uterine clearance capacities decline progressively with increasing parity and age, whilst placental and foal birthweight and milk production increase. These combined effects should be carefully balanced when breeding mares, in particular when choosing and caring for recipients and their foals.
Topics: Animals; Birth Weight; Female; Horses; Maternal Age; Parity; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal
PubMed: 35231230
DOI: 10.1071/RD21267 -
Climacteric : the Journal of the... Dec 2018
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Parity; Pelvic Floor; Pregnancy
PubMed: 30299973
DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1520826 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Jun 2022Nipple dimensions may be an important factor in breastfeeding (BF) initiation success. To establish standards of nipple/areola dimensions in early BF and to determine...
Nipple dimensions may be an important factor in breastfeeding (BF) initiation success. To establish standards of nipple/areola dimensions in early BF and to determine whether maternal age, gestational age (GA), parity, cup size, previous BF experience, and early (<2 hours) BF affect nipple dimensions (assessed on the second day of BF). A total of 205 consecutive BF women were enrolled. They were all Caucasians, and had uncomplicated pregnancies, labors, and vertex vaginal deliveries. Measurements (immediately before and after BF) of nipple length and diameter and of prefeeding areolas were by sliding calipers. In average, there were no significant differences between right (R) and left (L) side dimensions, except for post-BF nipple length, and post-BF horizontal nipple diameter (significantly higher on the L side). Both R and L nipple length correlated positively with maternal age, gravidity, parity, number of previously breastfed infants, and cumulative number of BF months. Early (<2 hours) first BF did not correlate with increased nipple length. Pre-BF nipple length correlated significantly with post-BF nipple length on both sides. There were significant differences between pre- and post- BF values in terms of nipple length (longer length post-BF), but not in terms of nipple diameter. In stepwise regression analysis, where pre-BF nipple length was the dependent variable, and parity (or maternal age, or previous BF), early first BF, and GA were independent variables, parity, maternal age, gravidity, or previous BF experience were positively and significantly associated with nipple length ( < 0.001). The correlation maternal age-nipple length remained significant in primigravida mothers. This study provided a set of standards for nipple and areola dimensions on day 2 of BF in Caucasian women. The only areola/nipple dimension significantly affected by BF is the nipple length. Increasing parity, maternal age, or previous BF experience is significantly associated with increased nipple length.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Mothers; Nipples; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35687116
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0265 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2021
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Parity; Pregnancy; Time Factors
PubMed: 33057759
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00766-4 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2021
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Parity; Pregnancy; Time Factors
PubMed: 33057761
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00767-3 -
Journal of Cardiac Failure Jul 2023
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Heart Failure; Parity; Heart; Cardiomyopathies; Stroke Volume; Prognosis
PubMed: 37187231
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.04.011 -
Current Diabetes Reviews 2019The potential influence of pregnancy and parity on the risk of chronic diabetic complications is a matter of great concern and constant discussion. This aspect seems... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The potential influence of pregnancy and parity on the risk of chronic diabetic complications is a matter of great concern and constant discussion. This aspect seems relevant and should be the subject of thorough discussion with the woman planning childbirth.
INTRODUCTION
Current data concerning the impact of pregnancy and parity covers primarily retinopathy and nephropathy, while the aspects of neuropathy and macrovascular complications are unsatisfactorily documented. Majority of studies focus on single complication only, while the number of papers assessing this problem in a complex setting is limited. The available body of evidence concerns mainly the short-term impact of pregnancy on diabetic chronic complications while the data concerning the longer perspective are scarce. Moreover, the results found in the available literature are conflicting. The aim of the study was to summarize all available data concerning the longer impact of parity on the chronic complications in the women with type 1 diabetes.
METHODS
PubMed database has been searched between October 2013 and September 2018 and all relevant papers were selected. This review summarizes data on the impact of pregnancy and parity on chronic complications in type 1 diabetic women.
RESULTS
Current data assessing this matter in a complex way are limited, and the available results are controversial. It seems however that pregnancy itself may rather influence pre-existing diabetic complication than affect risk of its development. Additionally, evidence suggests that any deleterious changes appearing during pregnancy are transient and tend to remit after delivery.
CONCLUSION
It seems that neither pregnancy nor parity affects the risk of diabetic chronic complications in the longer perspective.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 30648512
DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190115143538 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2017
Topics: Aging; Animals; Female; Parity; Pregnancy; Research
PubMed: 28820050
DOI: 10.1177/0300985817717772