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International Urogynecology Journal Mar 2021To evaluate the evidence for pathologies underlying stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS
To evaluate the evidence for pathologies underlying stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women.
METHODS
For the data sources, a structured search of the peer-reviewed literature (English language; 1960-April 2020) was conducted using predefined key terms in PubMed and Embase. Google Scholar was also searched. Peer-reviewed manuscripts that reported on anatomical, physiological or functional differences between females with signs and/or symptoms consistent with SUI and a concurrently recruited control group of continent females without any substantive urogynecological symptoms. Of 4629 publications screened, 84 met the inclusion criteria and were retained, among which 24 were included in meta-analyses.
RESULTS
Selection bias was moderate to high; < 25% of studies controlled for major confounding variables for SUI (e.g., age, BMI and parity). There was a lack of standardization of methods among studies, and several measurement issues were identified. Results were synthesized qualitatively, and, where possible, random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Deficits in urethral and bladder neck structure and support, neuromuscular and mechanical function of the striated urethral sphincter (SUS) and levator ani muscles all appear to be associated with SUI. Meta-analyses showed that observed bladder neck dilation and lower functional urethral length, bladder neck support and maximum urethral closure pressures are strong characteristic signs of SUI.
CONCLUSION
The pathology of SUI is multifactorial, with strong evidence pointing to bladder neck and urethral incompetence. While there is also evidence of impaired urethral support and levator ani function, standardized approaches to measurement are needed to generate higher levels of evidence.
Topics: Female; Humans; Parity; Pelvic Floor; Pregnancy; Urethra; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Incontinence, Stress
PubMed: 33416968
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-020-04622-9 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Feb 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Parity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35599001
DOI: 10.5551/jat.ED203 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Nov 2023Birth rates in Norway are declining, and fewer women are having more than two children. Pregnancy termination may impact birth rates. We aimed to study the distribution...
BACKGROUND
Birth rates in Norway are declining, and fewer women are having more than two children. Pregnancy termination may impact birth rates. We aimed to study the distribution of pregnancies in Norway according to parity, and whether the proportions of pregnancies ending in termination has changed.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
We retrieved figures for pregnancies in Norway during the period 2008-20, based on number of births in the Medical Birth Registry and number of pregnancy terminations in the Registry of Pregnancy Termination. We calculated the proportion of pregnancies resulting in termination according to parity and year.
RESULTS
The sum of births and pregnancy terminations fell by 16.4 % during the study period. The absolute decline was most pronounced among nulliparous women, from 34 647 in 2008 to 28 606 in 2020 (17.4 % decline). Of these, the proportion of pregnancies that resulted in a pregnancy termination fell from 25.2 % to 20.5 %. The proportion of pregnancy terminations among women with two, three, four or more previous births was 26.1 %, 34.6 % and 28.2 % in 2008, and 26.1 %, 34.0 % and 29.1 % in 2020, respectively.
INTERPRETATION
Both the number of births and the number of pregnancy terminations in Norway fell during the period 2008-20, in all parity groups. The decline was most pronounced in nulliparous women. The number of pregnancy terminations fell more than the number of births. Pregnancy terminations can therefore not explain the decline in birth rates in Norway.
Topics: Pregnancy; Child; Female; Humans; Abortion, Induced; Parity; Norway; Registries
PubMed: 37987076
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0337 -
BMC Women's Health Mar 2022Pregnancy has been considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Despite much research in this field, the relationship between parity and bone mineral...
BACKGROUND
Pregnancy has been considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Despite much research in this field, the relationship between parity and bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate whether there was an association between parity and BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Three linear regression models, Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI)), and Model 3 (adjusted for all covariates), were established to evaluate the relationship between parity and BMD. In addition, the p value trend of BMD in the different parity groups was mutually verified with the results of multiple regression. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between parity and osteoporosis.
RESULTS
In total, 924 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years were eligible for this study. After adjustment for potential confounders, women with ≥ 6 parities had significantly lower lumbar spine BMD than women with 1-2 parities (β = - 0.072, 95% CI: - 0.125, - 0.018, P = 0.009). However, there was no correlation between parity and femoral neck BMD in any of the three regression models. Furthermore, ≥ 6 parities were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of lumbar spine osteoporosis compared with 1-2 parities (OR = 3.876, 95% CI: 1.637, 9.175, P = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
After adjustment for BMD-related risk factors, ≥ 6 parities were associated with decreased lumbar spine BMD but not femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women. This suggests that postmenopausal women with high parity are at increased risk of lumbar osteoporotic fractures and should pay more attention to their bone health.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Nutrition Surveys; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Parity; Postmenopause; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35321721
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01662-9 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Parity-time (PT) symmetry challenges the long-held theoretical basis that only Hermitian operators correspond to observable phenomena in quantum mechanics. Non-Hermitian... (Review)
Review
Parity-time (PT) symmetry challenges the long-held theoretical basis that only Hermitian operators correspond to observable phenomena in quantum mechanics. Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians satisfying PT symmetry also have a real-valued energy spectrum. In the field of inductor-capacitor () passive wireless sensors, PT symmetry is mainly used for improving performance in terms of multi-parameter sensing, ultrahigh sensitivity, and longer interrogation distance. For example, the proposal of both higher-order PT symmetry and divergent exceptional points can utilize a more drastic bifurcation process around exceptional points (EPs) to accomplish a significantly higher sensitivity and spectral resolution. However, there are still many controversies regarding the inevitable noise and actual precision of the EP sensors. In this review, we systematically present the research status of PT-symmetric sensors in three working areas: exact phase, exceptional point, and broken phase, demonstrating the advantages of non-Hermitian sensing concerning classical sensing principles.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Parity; Records
PubMed: 37299917
DOI: 10.3390/s23115191 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022Gestation increases the biomechanical loading of lower extremities. Gestational loading may influence anthropometrics of articular surfaces in similar means as bone...
Gestation increases the biomechanical loading of lower extremities. Gestational loading may influence anthropometrics of articular surfaces in similar means as bone diaphyseal properties. This study aimed to investigate whether gravidity (i.e. number of pregnancies) and parity (i.e. number of deliveries) is associated with knee breadth among middle-aged women. The study sample comprised 815 women from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The median parity count of our sample was 2 and the median gravidity count 3. At the age of 46, questionnaires were used to enquire gravidity and parity, and posteroanterior knee radiographs were used to obtain two knee breadth parameters (tibial plateau mediolateral breadth (TPML) and femoral condylar mediolateral breadth (FCML)) as representatives of articular size. The associations of gravidity and parity with knee breadth were analyzed using general linear models with adjustments for height, weight, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and education years. Individuals with osteoarthritic changes were excluded from our sample. The mean TPML in our sample was 70.3 mm and the mean FCML 71.6 mm respectively. In the fully adjusted models, gravidity and parity showed positive associations with knee breadth. Each pregnancy was associated with 0.11-0.14% larger knee breath (p < 0.05), and each delivery accounted for an increase of 0.20% in knee breadth (p < 0.01). Between-group comparisons showed that multiparous women had 0.68-1.01% larger knee breath than nulli- and primiparous women (p < 0.05). Pregnancies and deliveries seem to increase the mediolateral breadth of the knee. This increase is potentially associated with increased biomechanical loadings during gestation.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Female; Gravidity; Humans; Knee; Knee Joint; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35858984
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16231-1 -
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica... Jul 2010To systematically review the risks of pregnancy outcomes among women of different parity. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the risks of pregnancy outcomes among women of different parity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Electronic databases were searched for studies, in English language, in which primary objective was to assess association between parity and pregnancy outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences along with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), birth weight, and gestational age.
RESULTS
Forty-one studies, most with moderate risk of bias were included. Nulliparity was associated with increased unadjusted odds of LBW (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.26, 1.58) and SGA (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.82, 1.96) and reduction in birth weight (weighted mean difference -282 g, 95% CI -486, -79 g) but not PTB (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.96, 1.34). Grand multiparity and great grand multiparity were not associated with LBW (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95, 1.32 and OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.78, 1.09) or PTB (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.77, 1.19 and OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.61, 2.83).
CONCLUSIONS
Nulliparity was associated with a significantly increased unadjusted risk of LBW/SGA birth, whereas grand multiparity and great grand multiparity were not associated with increased risk of pregnancy outcomes.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Longitudinal Studies; Parity; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 20583931
DOI: 10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 -
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences Oct 2020To investigate the association between parity and the risk of incident dementia in women.
AIMS
To investigate the association between parity and the risk of incident dementia in women.
METHODS
We pooled baseline and follow-up data for community-dwelling women aged 60 or older from six population-based, prospective cohort studies from four European and two Asian countries. We investigated the association between parity and incident dementia using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, educational level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cohort, with additional analysis by dementia subtype (Alzheimer dementia (AD) and non-Alzheimer dementia (NAD)).
RESULTS
Of 9756 women dementia-free at baseline, 7010 completed one or more follow-up assessments. The mean follow-up duration was 5.4 ± 3.1 years and dementia developed in 550 participants. The number of parities was associated with the risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.13). Grand multiparity (five or more parities) increased the risk of dementia by 30% compared to 1-4 parities (HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02-1.67). The risk of NAD increased by 12% for every parity (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.23) and by 60% for grand multiparity (HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.00-2.55), but the risk of AD was not significantly associated with parity.
CONCLUSIONS
Grand multiparity is a significant risk factor for dementia in women. This may have particularly important implications for women in low and middle-income countries where the fertility rate and prevalence of grand multiparity are high.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; China; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Europe; Female; Geriatric Psychiatry; Humans; Incidence; Independent Living; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Proportional Hazards Models; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 33077022
DOI: 10.1017/S2045796020000876 -
The Kurume Medical Journal Jul 2023Parity is related to breast cancer in various ways. Its effects on the development of breast cancer are not independent and should be investigated at the same time as...
BACKGROUND
Parity is related to breast cancer in various ways. Its effects on the development of breast cancer are not independent and should be investigated at the same time as other reproductive factors. The association between parity and stage and type of breast cancer receptor was studied.
METHODS
Parity was established for 75 patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer and 45 patients with ER-negative breast cancer. The stages of breast cancer were also determined.
RESULTS
Breast cancer was found to have an association with high parity (≥ 3 parities). Significantly, most patients were diagnosed with stage II breast cancer, and this was especially frequent in patients with high parity. Stage IIB was most common, particularly among those 40-49 years old. ER-positive and ER-negative stage II breast cancer were both common among patients with high parity.
CONCLUSION
Breast cancer, particularly at stage II, is associated with high parity. Parity is also associated with type of breast cancer, based on estrogen receptor category. This finding supports the recommendation that breast cancer should be screened in women with a high parity. Increased births should be considered a risk factor particularly for stage II breast cancer independent of cancer type.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Parity; Breast Neoplasms; Receptors, Estrogen; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37100604
DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS682013 -
American Journal of Public Health Sep 2017
Topics: Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Humans; Longevity; Maternal Age; Parity; Pregnancy; United States; Women's Health
PubMed: 28787196
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303971