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Frontiers in Public Health 2022COVID-19 is highly contagious and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It spreads by means of respiratory droplets and close contact with... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 is highly contagious and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It spreads by means of respiratory droplets and close contact with infected persons. With the progression of disease, numerous complications develop, particularly among persons with chronic illnesses. Pathological investigations indicate that it affects multiple organs and can induce acute respiratory distress syndrome. Prevention is vital and self-isolation is the best means of containing this virus. Good community health practices like maintaining sufficient distance from other people, wearing protective face masks and regular hand washing should be adopted. Convalescent plasma transfusion and the administration of the antiviral Remdesivir have been found to be effective. Vaccines offer lifesaving protecting against COVID-19 which has killed millions and our best bet for staying safe. Screening, suppression/containment as well as mitigation are the strategies implemented for controlling COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is essential to end the COVID-19 pandemic and everyone should have an access to them. The current COVID-19 pandemic brought the global economy to a standstill and has exacted an enormous human and financial toll.
Topics: Blood Component Transfusion; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Plasma; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 35602161
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.778037 -
Annual Review of Medicine Jan 2020In the last decade, over a dozen potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to several HIV envelope protein epitopes have been identified, and their in vitro... (Review)
Review
In the last decade, over a dozen potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to several HIV envelope protein epitopes have been identified, and their in vitro neutralization profiles have been defined. Many have demonstrated prevention efficacy in preclinical trials and favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early human clinical trials. The first human prevention efficacy trials using 10 sequential, every-two-month administrations of a single anti-HIV bnAb are anticipated to conclude in 2020. Combinations of complementary bnAbs and multi-specific bnAbs exhibit improved breadth and potency over most individual antibodies and are entering advanced clinical development. Genetic engineering of the Fc regions has markedly improved bnAb half-life, increased mucosal tissue concentrations of antibodies (especially in the genital tract), and enhanced immunomodulatory and Fc effector functionality, all of which improve antibodies' preventative and therapeutic potential. Human-derived monoclonal antibodies are likely to enter the realm of primary care prevention and therapy for viral infections in the near future.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; Clinical Trials as Topic; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pharmacokinetics; Protein Engineering; Receptors, Fc
PubMed: 31986089
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-110118-045506 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Apr 2021The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause... (Review)
Review
The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem-solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such as using an adenovirus vector as a carrier, designing bivalent vaccines, stimulating Toll-like receptors for adjuvant effects, and altering the route of administration. Our review also covers passive immunization alone to override or prevent drug toxicity as well as in combination with vaccines for more rapid and potentially greater efficacy.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior, Addictive; Cocaine; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunotherapy; Substance-Related Disorders; United States
PubMed: 32147860
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14329 -
Movement Disorders : Official Journal... Feb 2016Immunotherapy using antibodies targeting alpha-synuclein has proven to be an effective strategy for ameliorating pathological and behavioral deficits induced by excess... (Review)
Review
Immunotherapy using antibodies targeting alpha-synuclein has proven to be an effective strategy for ameliorating pathological and behavioral deficits induced by excess pathogenic alpha-synuclein in various animal and/or cellular models. However, the process of selecting the anti-alpha-synuclein antibody with the best potential to treat synucleinopathies in humans is not trivial. Critical to this process is a better understanding of the pathological processes involved in the synucleinopathies and how antibodies are able to influence these. We will give an overview of the first proof-of-concept studies in rodent disease models and discuss challenges associated with developing antibodies against alpha-synuclein resulting from the distribution and structural characteristics of the protein. We will also provide a status on the passive immunization approaches targeting alpha-synuclein that have entered, or are expected to enter, clinical evaluation.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Immunization, Passive; Lewy Body Disease; Multiple System Atrophy; Parkinson Disease; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 26704735
DOI: 10.1002/mds.26481 -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Apr 2016Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency of young adolescents and adults which also affects the children. The disease remains... (Review)
Review
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency of young adolescents and adults which also affects the children. The disease remains largely under-diagnosed in India and Southeast Asian countries. Although in majority of cases it is sporadic, disease may be inherited in a autosomal recessive pattern and rarely, in autosomal dominant pattern. Patients, in addition to frequent sino-pulmonary infections, are also susceptible to various autoimmune diseases and malignancy, predominantly lymphoma and leukemia. Other characteristic lesions include lymphocytic and granulomatous interstitial lung disease, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of gut. Diagnosis requires reduced levels of at least two immunoglobulin isotypes: IgG with IgA and/or IgM and impaired specific antibody response to vaccines. A number of gene mutations have been described in CVID; however, these genetic alterations account for less than 20% of cases of CVID. Flow cytometry aptly demonstrates a disturbed B cell homeostasis with reduced or absent memory B cells and increased CD21(low) B cells and transitional B cell populations. Approximately one-third of patients with CVID also display T cell functional defects. Immunoglobulin therapy remains the mainstay of treatment. Immunologists and other clinicians in India and other South East Asian countries need to be aware of CVID so that early diagnosis can be made, as currently, majority of these patients still go undiagnosed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Common Variable Immunodeficiency; Humans; Immunization, Passive
PubMed: 26868026
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2038-x -
Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 2016Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting proximal skeletal muscles and the skin. The manifestation can be acute (over weeks) or chronic (over... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting proximal skeletal muscles and the skin. The manifestation can be acute (over weeks) or chronic (over months to years). Dermatomyositis affects children as well as adults. Very helpful for the diagnosis are laboratory, clinical, EMG and histopathological tests. The disease responds positively to corticosteroid, immunosuppressive or immunoglobulin therapy. Three various cases of DM are described in this article.
KEY WORDS
dermatomyositis , symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Child; Dermatomyositis; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male
PubMed: 27481199
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Apr 2016X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is one of the commonest primary immune deficiencies encountered in pediatric clinical practice. In adults, common variable... (Review)
Review
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is one of the commonest primary immune deficiencies encountered in pediatric clinical practice. In adults, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). It is an X-linked disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria, severe hypergammaglobulinemia and absent circulating B cells in the peripheral blood. Replacement immunoglobulin therapy is the main cornerstone of treatment. Aggressive management of intercurrent infections and prophylactic antimicrobials are needed. This review attempts to highlight varied clinical manifestations and management of XLA, especially in the context of developing country.
Topics: Adult; Agammaglobulinemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Male
PubMed: 26909497
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-2024-8 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K,... Aug 2016Antibodies play an important role in the defense against infectious diseases. Passive immunization provides immediate protection through transfer of exogenous antibodies... (Review)
Review
Antibodies play an important role in the defense against infectious diseases. Passive immunization provides immediate protection through transfer of exogenous antibodies to a recipient. It is mainly used for prophylaxis in dogs and cats that failed to receive maternal antibodies through the colostrum or when there is an acute risk to acquire infectious diseases. Only a small number of placebo-controlled studies have been published regarding the therapeutic use of passive immunization in small animals. While positive effects were reported in cats with acute virus infections of the upper respiratory tract and in dogs with distemper, no statistically significant influence could be demonstrated in the treatment of canine parvovirosis. Prospective, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled studies using adequate numbers of patients are warranted for a definitive statement regarding the therapeutic and prophylactic use of passive immunization in dogs and cats.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Immunization, Passive
PubMed: 27410719
DOI: 10.15654/TPK-160189 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Jun 2021Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in... (Review)
Review
Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in clinical trials. With the US Food and Drug Administration recently granting emergency use authorizations for neutralizing mAbs in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, there is an urgent need to discuss the broader potential of these novel therapies and to develop strategies to deploy them effectively in clinical practice, given limited initial availability. Here, we review the precedent for passive immunization and lessons learned from using antibody therapies for viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and SARS-CoV infections. We then focus on the deployment of convalescent plasma and neutralizing mAbs for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We review specific clinical questions, including the rationale for stratification of patients, potential biomarkers, known risk factors and temporal considerations for optimal clinical use. To answer these questions, there is a need to understand factors such as the kinetics of viral load and its correlation with clinical outcomes, endogenous antibody responses, pharmacokinetic properties of neutralizing mAbs and the potential benefit of combining antibodies to defend against emerging viral variants.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; COVID-19; Drug Development; Drug Resistance, Viral; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Models, Immunological; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33875867
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Apr 2022
Topics: Antibodies; Immunization; Immunization, Passive
PubMed: 35507828
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2028517