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Revista Internacional de Andrologia 2022The thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, called Mondor's penile disease (PMD), is a condition with a low incidence worldwide. In general, it is... (Review)
Review
The thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, called Mondor's penile disease (PMD), is a condition with a low incidence worldwide. In general, it is considered a self-limited disease that usually resolves with conservative management and very rarely requires surgical intervention. We report the case of a 41-year-old patient, who presented PMD which persists after medical treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and low molecular weight heparin. Surgery was decided and thrombectomy plus resection of the superficial penile vein was performed with satisfactory results. A review of the literature is presented, focusing on the limited available evidence of surgical management.
Topics: Adult; Female; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Humans; Male; Mastitis; Penile Diseases; Penis; Thrombectomy; Thrombophlebitis
PubMed: 35078728
DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2020.10.014 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Apr 2017Stem cells for sexual disorders are steadily being introduced into clinical trials. Two conditions of importance are the main target for this line of treatment,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Stem cells for sexual disorders are steadily being introduced into clinical trials. Two conditions of importance are the main target for this line of treatment, especially when regarding the wide array of translational and basic science highlighting the potential advantages of regenerative therapy: erectile dysfunction (ED) and more recently Peyronie disease (PD). Cellular therapy offers a treatment modality that might reverse disease progression. It would be used in a curative setting, in contrast to other pharmaceutical agents that are currently available.
AIM
To review basic preclinical studies and recent clinical trials of stem cells on ED and PD.
METHODS
A search of the medical literature for the following terms was performed using PubMed: stem cells, cellular therapy, erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, and clinical trial.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A non-systematic narrative review and critical reflection on preclinical and clinical studies administering stem cells for ED and PD in animal models and human subjects.
RESULTS
Numerous studies have confirmed the beneficial functional effects of stem cell injection in established animal models on ED and PD. Various stem cell types have been adopted, from embryonic to adult mesenchymal cell types. Each cell type offers distinctive advantages and disadvantages. Diverse administrations of stem cells were investigated, with insignificant variability in the ultimate results. Stem cells appear to have a pronounced paracrine effect, rather than the classic engraftment and differentiation hypothesis. Phase 1 clinical trials using stem cells have not reported any severe adverse events in animals. However, these results cannot be extrapolated to draw any conclusions about efficacy in human patients.
CONCLUSION
Stem cells have an established efficacy in preclinical studies and early clinical trials. Studies are currently being published demonstrating the safety of intrapenile injection of autologous bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Soebadi MA, Milenkovic U, Weyne E, et al. Stem Cells in Male Sexual Dysfunction: Are We Getting Somewhere? Sex Med Rev 2017;5:222-235.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Complications; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Penile Diseases; Prostatectomy; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 28041853
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.11.002 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology May 2015Cysts arising in the penis are uncommon and can be found anywhere from the urethral meatus to the root of the penis involving glans, foreskin, or shaft. Median raphe... (Review)
Review
Cysts arising in the penis are uncommon and can be found anywhere from the urethral meatus to the root of the penis involving glans, foreskin, or shaft. Median raphe cysts account for the majority of penile cystic lesions reported in the literature. As their name suggests, they arise on the ventral midline of the penis that extends from the urethral meatus to the scrotum and perineum. Proposed hypotheses for their origin as well as their diverse morphology are discussed.
Topics: Cysts; Humans; Male; Penile Diseases
PubMed: 25701383
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.014 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Dec 2014
Topics: Adult; Granuloma, Foreign-Body; Humans; Male; Paraffin; Penile Diseases
PubMed: 24907865
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.04.009 -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Nov 2015Abnormalities involving the skin coverage of the penis are difficult to define, but they can significantly alter penile appearance, and be a cause of parental concern. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Abnormalities involving the skin coverage of the penis are difficult to define, but they can significantly alter penile appearance, and be a cause of parental concern.
DATA SOURCES
The present review was based on a nonsystematic search of the English language medical literature using a combination of key words including "penile skin anomalies" and the specific names of the different conditions.
RESULTS
Conditions were addressed in the following order, those mainly affecting the prepuce (phimosis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, balanitis, paraphimosis), those which alter penile configuration (inconspicuous penis and penile torsion), and lastly focal lesions (cysts, nevi and vascular lesions). Most of these anomalies are congenital, have no or minimal influence on urinary function, and can be detected on clinical examination. Spontaneous improvement is possible. In the majority of cases undergoing surgery, the potential psychological implications of genital malformation on patient development are the main reason for treatment, and the age generally recommended for surgery is after 12 months of age.
CONCLUSION
This review provides the pediatrician with a handy tool to identify the most common penile skin anomalies, counsel parents adequately, make sensible and evidence based choices for management, and recognize complications or untoward outcomes in patients undergoing surgery.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Penile Diseases; Penis
PubMed: 25754752
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0015-5 -
Penile fracture: Tertiary care center experience and long-term complications after immediate repair.Andrology Mar 2022In the literature, there is not sufficient data on factors affecting the development of complications in patients with penile fracture after early surgical intervention.
BACKGROUND
In the literature, there is not sufficient data on factors affecting the development of complications in patients with penile fracture after early surgical intervention.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the predictors of long-term complications in patients who underwent immediate surgical repair for penile fracture.
MATERIALS/METHODS
This clinical study included a total of 31 cases of penile fracture in which surgical treatment was performed within the first 24 h and penile fracture was confirmed during the operation. The patients with and without late complications were compared in terms of parameters such as age, tear size of the tunica albuginea of the penis, bilateral involvement of the corpora cavernosa involvement, urethral injuries, and duration from penile fracture to surgery.
RESULTS
The median age of the patients was 42 years (interquartile range: 34-51 years). The median time from penile fracture to surgery was 13 h (8-18 h). The median tear size was 16 mm (11-21 mm). Late complications were seen in 13 (41.9%) patients in the post-operative period. Erectile dysfunction developed in five (16.1%) patients in the post-operative period. There was no statistically significant relationship between age, tear size, time from penile fracture to surgery, and bilateral corporeal involvement in terms of erectile dysfunction development. Painful erections, penile deviations, urethral strictures, tunical scars, and re-fracture were the other late complications. There was a significant relationship between the development of any complication and time from penile fracture to surgery (p = 0.028) and tear size (p = 0.031). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis of complication development, the cut-off value for the time from penile fracture to surgery was 13.5 h.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
We found that the longer time interval between penile fracture and surgery worsened the patient outcomes. In addition, tear size was determined to be a predictor for long-term complications. In our opinion, early treatment of penile fracture can prevent severe complications in these cases.
Topics: Adult; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penile Diseases; Penis; Rupture; Tertiary Care Centers
PubMed: 34939748
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13148 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2018Cavernosal fibrosis is an important pathologic condition leading to erectile dysfunction (ED). The etiologies of cavernosal fibrosis include aging, diabetes mellitus,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cavernosal fibrosis is an important pathologic condition leading to erectile dysfunction (ED). The etiologies of cavernosal fibrosis include aging, diabetes mellitus, castration, cavernosal nerve injury during radical prostatectomy, hypertension, and Peyronie disease.
AIMS
To summarize published studies investigating suppression of cavernosal fibrosis in rat models of ED of various etiologies.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted using PubMed. Relevant studies were identified using search terms such as erectile dysfunction, penis, fibrosis, and rat models.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We reviewed representative literature studies on the mechanisms and suppression of cavernosal fibrosis in rat models of ED.
RESULTS
The underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies suggested thus far for cavernosal fibrosis in rat models of ED were as follows. For age-related ED involving oxidative stress and tumor growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-driven pathways such as RhoA-ROCK1-LIMK2-cofilin or p42-44 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, proposed therapeutic strategies included phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is), kallikrein-kinin system stimulators, and calorie restriction. For diabetes-related ED involving angiotensin-II- and TGF-β1-driven Smad and non-Smad pathways, TGF-β1-Wnt10b, and histone deacetylase (HDAC)-TGF-β1 pathways, positive therapeutic results were obtained with PDE5Is, TGF-β1 antagonists, HDAC inhibitors, antioxidants, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (fingolimod), angiotensin-II antagonists, stem cell therapy, and antidiabetic drugs. For cavernosal nerve injury-associated ED involving TGF-β1-driven pathways (Smad or RhoA-ROCK1-LIMK2-cofilin), Sonic hedgehog signaling, angiotensin-II-Smad, and HDAC4-TGF-β1-Smad signaling triggered by cavernosal hypoxia, PDE5Is, angiotensin-II antagonists, stem cell therapy, HDAC inhibitors, Sonic hedgehog administration, ROCK inhibitors, and LIMK2 inhibitors have shown positive results. For testosterone deficiency-associated ED, TGF-β1-driven pathways were found to be responsive to testosterone supplementation. For hypertensive ED, positive therapeutic results were obtained with angiotensin-II antagonists. For Peyronie disease involving TGF-β1 or myostatin signaling, proposed therapeutic strategies included intra-tunical injection of TGF-β receptor inhibitors or adipose tissue-derived stem cells and HDAC2 small hairpin RNA.
CONCLUSION
Several signaling pathways appear to be responsible for the development of cavernosal fibrosis related to ED of various etiologies. Some therapeutic success has been achieved in animal models, but further research focusing on mechanism-specific targeted therapies is needed. Cho MC, Song WH, Paick J-S. Suppression of Cavernosal Fibrosis in a Rat Model. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:572-582.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Erectile Dysfunction; Fibrosis; Male; Penile Diseases; Penis; Rats
PubMed: 29631978
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.02.007 -
Urology Jun 2015A 70-year-old man presented with a slowly enlarging glans penis lesion measuring approximately 3 × 2 × 2 cm. On examination, the lesion was indurated with no...
A 70-year-old man presented with a slowly enlarging glans penis lesion measuring approximately 3 × 2 × 2 cm. On examination, the lesion was indurated with no induration of the glans penis deep to the lesion. He had no palpable lymphadenopathy. A glans sparing surgical excision was performed. Pathology demonstrated a squamoproliferative lesion with hyperkeratosis, and deep margin biopsy demonstrated no carcinoma. Cutaneous penile horns are hyperkeratotic lesions and may be associated with synchronous or metachronous squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment, and follow-up physical examinations to assess for metachronous penile carcinoma are recommended.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Male; Penile Diseases; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 25981374
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.03.024 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2020The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of penile pathology. Normal penile anatomy as well as the... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of penile pathology. Normal penile anatomy as well as the appearance of neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities on MRI will be reviewed. While ultrasound remains the first line imaging modality in evaluating most penile pathology, MR imaging has specific advantages owing to improved soft tissue resolution, ability to evaluate less accessible or complex anatomy (such as at the base of the penis), and the ability to detect subtle enhancement. Therefore, MRI is useful for when ultrasound and/or clinical findings are equivocal or incongruent. In addition, MR imaging is essential for preoperative surgical planning and is the imaging modality of choice in evaluating penile prostheses. The added value of MRI in these settings makes it an integral component to the management of many pathological entities affecting the penis.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Penile Diseases; Penis
PubMed: 30704768
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.12.004 -
Urologia Internationalis 2022The association between penile lichen sclerosus and striking accumulation of elastic fibers in deep dermis has been described in rare reports, mostly in vulvar lesions....
The association between penile lichen sclerosus and striking accumulation of elastic fibers in deep dermis has been described in rare reports, mostly in vulvar lesions. We describe one case of severe balanopreputial adhesions related to lichen sclerosus and this form of elastosis, with no concomitant neoplasia. Aggregates of elastic fibers were seen in deep dermis and in blood vessels. The lesion mirrors nevus elasticus and nevus elasticus vascularis - a well described cutaneous lesion with no known association with lichen sclerosus.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Elastic Tissue; Humans; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Penile Diseases
PubMed: 34535592
DOI: 10.1159/000518698