-
Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis.JAMA Sep 2014Many claims have been made regarding the superiority of one diet or another for inducing weight loss. Which diet is best remains unclear. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Many claims have been made regarding the superiority of one diet or another for inducing weight loss. Which diet is best remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To determine weight loss outcomes for popular diets based on diet class (macronutrient composition) and named diet.
DATA SOURCES
Search of 6 electronic databases: AMED, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from inception of each database to April 2014.
STUDY SELECTION
Overweight or obese adults (body mass index ≥25) randomized to a popular self-administered named diet and reporting weight or body mass index data at 3-month follow-up or longer.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two reviewers independently extracted data on populations, interventions, outcomes, risk of bias, and quality of evidence. A Bayesian framework was used to perform a series of random-effects network meta-analyses with meta-regression to estimate the relative effectiveness of diet classes and programs for change in weight and body mass index from baseline. Our analyses adjusted for behavioral support and exercise.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Weight loss and body mass index at 6- and 12-month follow-up (±3 months for both periods).
RESULTS
Among 59 eligible articles reporting 48 unique randomized trials (including 7286 individuals) and compared with no diet, the largest weight loss was associated with low-carbohydrate diets (8.73 kg [95% credible interval {CI}, 7.27 to 10.20 kg] at 6-month follow-up and 7.25 kg [95% CI, 5.33 to 9.25 kg] at 12-month follow-up) and low-fat diets (7.99 kg [95% CI, 6.01 to 9.92 kg] at 6-month follow-up and 7.27 kg [95% CI, 5.26 to 9.34 kg] at 12-month follow-up). Weight loss differences between individual diets were minimal. For example, the Atkins diet resulted in a 1.71 kg greater weight loss than the Zone diet at 6-month follow-up. Between 6- and 12-month follow-up, the influence of behavioral support (3.23 kg [95% CI, 2.23 to 4.23 kg] at 6-month follow-up vs 1.08 kg [95% CI, -1.82 to 3.96 kg] at 12-month follow-up) and exercise (0.64 kg [95% CI, -0.35 to 1.66 kg] vs 2.13 kg [95% CI, 0.43 to 3.85 kg], respectively) on weight loss differed.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Significant weight loss was observed with any low-carbohydrate or low-fat diet. Weight loss differences between individual named diets were small. This supports the practice of recommending any diet that a patient will adhere to in order to lose weight.
Topics: Adult; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Humans; Names; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 25182101
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.10397 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2022The present chapter reviews the body of knowledge acquired so far about the role of the temporal lobe in representing and processing proper names and individual identity... (Review)
Review
The present chapter reviews the body of knowledge acquired so far about the role of the temporal lobe in representing and processing proper names and individual identity information. This body of knowledge has been collected with the contribution of several methodologies, including neuroimaging, electrophysiological techniques, and, critically, clinical observations. All this evidence converges in showing that proper names and related information are processed in at least partially independent neural networks mainly placed in the anterior areas of the left temporal lobe. A description of the properties distinguishing proper names from common names is provided. These properties, it will be claimed, made a different anatomical organization necessary and, possibly, determined the evolution of the brain to support this advantageous distinction in meeting environmental demands.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Names; Neuroimaging; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 35964978
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00008-0 -
Cancer Treatment and Research... 2022Eponyms have been traditionally used in the field of medicine to honor the contributions of an individual or group of individuals in understanding a disease. However,... (Review)
Review
Eponyms have been traditionally used in the field of medicine to honor the contributions of an individual or group of individuals in understanding a disease. However, many eponyms have come under scrutiny given the personal backgrounds of individuals for whom they intend to honor. As we previously reviewed commonly used eponyms in medical oncology, we now aim to review commonly used eponyms in malignant hematology in order to highlight the individuals for whom they are named after. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of each disease, epidemiology, and the historical background for the individual or individuals for which the eponym honors.
Topics: Eponyms; Hematology; Humans
PubMed: 35835706
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100594 -
Cognition Jan 2022Picture name agreement is commonly used as both a control variable and independent variable in studies of language production. It describes the proportion of...
Picture name agreement is commonly used as both a control variable and independent variable in studies of language production. It describes the proportion of participants who volunteer a picture's modal name in a norming study-a population-level descriptor-but researchers often assume that name agreement also indexes cognitive processes that occur within individuals. For instance, if norms show that 50% of speakers name a picture as couch, then each time a person tries to name the picture, they might have a 50% chance of selecting couch. An alternative, however, is that name agreement may simply reflect population-level sampling of more stable individual preferences (e.g., 50% of speakers prefer the name couch), continually developed through experience. One way to distinguish between these possibilities - and assess the psychological reality of name agreement - is simply to re-norm pictures with the same individuals. In Experiment 1, we therefore collected timed naming norms for a large set of line drawings from the same 25 native British English speakers twice, 1-2 weeks apart. Results show participants' name choices in Session 2 are jointly predicted by population-level name agreement, from our previous norms, and individuals' own productions in Session 1. Experiment 2 replicated this result and further showed that prior selections predicted Session 3 outcomes better than those in Session 2, in line with an incremental learning account. This is the first direct demonstration that picture name agreement has some psychological validity, but also reveals that it does not directly index within-participant lexical competition as previously assumed.
Topics: Humans; Language; Learning; Names; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 34798508
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104947 -
Revue Neurologique Mar 2022Guillain-Barré Syndrome, (GBS), is a popular eponym that comes from a paper written in 1916 by Doctors. Guillain, Barré, and Strohl. Its spectrum has been enlarged... (Review)
Review
Guillain-Barré Syndrome, (GBS), is a popular eponym that comes from a paper written in 1916 by Doctors. Guillain, Barré, and Strohl. Its spectrum has been enlarged considerably since the first description of it. Jean Alexandre Barré was a French neurologist, whose name is still widely associated with that of Georges Guillain, (1876-1961). He is also known for the leg manoeuvre. As Joseph Babinski's brilliant student, (1857-1932), we wanted to briefly retrace his biography in order to highlight some of the salient points within it and subjects that are topical for young neurologists today.
Topics: Eponyms; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neurologists; Neurology; Students
PubMed: 34711423
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.05.013 -
Bulletin of the Hospital For Joint... 2021Traction apophysitises are a well-known entity in the orthopedic world that are generally thought of as conditions of the pediatric population secondary to overuse and... (Review)
Review
Traction apophysitises are a well-known entity in the orthopedic world that are generally thought of as conditions of the pediatric population secondary to overuse and repetitive microtrauma. Many have been named for their original descriptors, and therefore the purpose of this review is to highlight the backgrounds of these physicians, pay tribute to those who came before, and standardize the definitions of these oft-used eponyms. Iselin's disease, Little League Elbow, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sever's disease, and Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease will be discussed in brief, followed by a historical background presenting the original description of the named author as well as a short biography. A particular focus on imaging findings will be presented, from original roentgenographs to current modalities of both ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Topics: Child; Elbow Joint; Eponyms; Humans; Osteitis; Traction; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34605759
DOI: No ID Found -
Nursing May 2015
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Humans; Names; Nurse-Patient Relations; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Patient Safety; Patients; Personhood
PubMed: 25798863
DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000463658.63531.a7 -
Annals of Emergency Medicine Oct 2021
Topics: Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Names; Physicians; Racism
PubMed: 34563302
DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.03.015 -
JAMA Pediatrics Aug 2018
Topics: Child; Humans; Names; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting
PubMed: 29913005
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0611 -
Nature Human Behaviour Jul 2023Academics and companies increasingly draw on large datasets to understand the social world, and name-based demographic ascription tools are widespread for imputing...
Academics and companies increasingly draw on large datasets to understand the social world, and name-based demographic ascription tools are widespread for imputing information that is often missing from these large datasets. These approaches have drawn criticism on ethical, empirical and theoretical grounds. Using a survey of all authors listed on articles in sociology, economics and communication journals in Web of Science between 2015 and 2020, we compared self-identified demographics with name-based imputations of gender and race/ethnicity for 19,924 scholars across four gender ascription tools and four race/ethnicity ascription tools. We found substantial inequalities in how these tools misgender and misrecognize the race/ethnicity of authors, distributing erroneous ascriptions unevenly among other demographic traits. Because of the empirical and ethical consequences of these errors, scholars need to be cautious with the use of demographic imputation. We recommend five principles for the responsible use of name-based demographic inference.
Topics: Humans; Surveys and Questionnaires; Ethnicity; Names; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 37069295
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01587-9