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Academic Radiology Oct 2016In medicine, an eponym is a word-typically referring to an anatomic structure, disease, or syndrome-that is derived from a person's name. Medical eponyms are ubiquitous... (Review)
Review
In medicine, an eponym is a word-typically referring to an anatomic structure, disease, or syndrome-that is derived from a person's name. Medical eponyms are ubiquitous and numerous. They are also at times controversial. Eponyms reflect medicine's rich and colorful history and can be useful for concisely conveying complex concepts. Familiarity with eponyms facilitates correct usage and accurate communication. In this article, 22 eponyms used to describe anatomic structures of the head and neck are discussed. For each structure, the author first provides a biographical account of the individual for whom the structure is named. An anatomic description and brief discussion of the structure's clinical relevance follow.
Topics: Eponyms; Head; Humans; Neck; Radiology
PubMed: 27283070
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.04.011 -
Families, Systems & Health : the... Mar 2021In this brief article, the author states that beyond her family context, she has come to rec ognize the privilege and responsibility she has as a provider and an...
In this brief article, the author states that beyond her family context, she has come to rec ognize the privilege and responsibility she has as a provider and an educator to promote inclusivity. When she meets a new patient or a new learner, particu larly those from different linguistic backgrounds than her own, she acknowledges that it may be hard for her to say their name, placing the burden to practice and be open to correction on herself. Some might argue names are trivial-what does it matter if someone pronounces your name cor rectly?-but we know it's not. Our names are one way we become visible or invisible to those around us. When we ask someone if we can call them something other than their name, we are communi cating (oftentimes, inadvertently) that their name is not worth the effort, that there is something wrong with it, something wrong with them. We have a responsibility to engage in culturally and lin guistically congruent practices and an obliga tion to model what it means to treat our learners and patients with dignity, starting with saying their names. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Communication Barriers; Emigrants and Immigrants; Humans; Names
PubMed: 34014738
DOI: 10.1037/fsh0000588 -
Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B Oct 2018The Korean name of epilepsy was renamed in 2011 to reflect the modern scientific evidence and to avoid misconceptions of epilepsy. However, the degree of dissemination...
OBJECTIVE
The Korean name of epilepsy was renamed in 2011 to reflect the modern scientific evidence and to avoid misconceptions of epilepsy. However, the degree of dissemination of the new name of epilepsy had not been studied in Korea. To determine the degree of dissemination of the new name, we retrieved the relative Internet search volume of the new name and the old name using Naver, a dominant Internet search engine in Korea.
METHODS
The relative search volume is referred to as the Naver Trend Index (NTI). Naver DataLab provides the information on queries only from January 2016, and we downloaded a total of 846 daily NTI for the new name and old name for Korean epilepsy from January 1, 2016 to April 25, 2018. The proportions of NTI for the new name over the old name were computed. A primary hypothesis was that the ratio of Internet search volume of the new name exceeds that of the old name in 2018. A secondary hypothesis was that the new name had been continuously replacing the old name.
RESULTS
The old name was more frequently used for Internet search. We found that about one-fourth (26%) of the Internet searches for Korean epilepsy were carried out with the new name in Naver DataLab between January 2016 and April 2018. The mean log ratio (NTI new/NTI old) in 2018 was -0.87, which indicates that the new name was used in 29.6% of the total search volume. In all ages, robust regression revealed log (NTI new, day/NTI old, day) = -8.79 + 0.00037 ∗ day, P < 0.001. The annual means of log (NTI new/NTI old) were the lowest in the 20s but increased with age and were higher in females than in males except for the age groups under 19 and over 60 years.
CONCLUSIONS
The ratio of Internet search volume of the new name over the old name was 1:2.4 (29.6% of the total search volume) in 2018. The new name was used in 26% of the total Internet searches in the search period. The degree of dissemination of the new name seems to increase with age and with females being more likely to use the new name in Internet searches versus males. The implementation and utilization of the new name by the public is a slow process.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Middle Aged; Names; Republic of Korea; Search Engine; Young Adult
PubMed: 30126757
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.08.003 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Aug 2018To identify how trainee doctors introduce themselves to patients.
OBJECTIVES
To identify how trainee doctors introduce themselves to patients.
DESIGN
Survey.
SETTING
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London.
PARTICIPANTS
One hundred trainee doctors, of mixed grades and specialties.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Introducing oneself by name, using their professional title 'Dr', use of the term 'trainee'.
RESULTS
All 100 participants introduced themselves by name to patients, with 63% using only their first name, 18% using only their last name and 18% using a combination of both. 67% mentioned their specialty and 18% mentioned their training grade. 85% identified themselves as a doctor, but only 22% used their professional title (Dr), and only 6% introduced themselves by name, grade, specialty and title. 80% varied the way they introduced themselves to patients, depending on several factors including the clinical situation and patients' characteristics/features. 56% said that they had changed the way they introduced themselves over time, and 42% deliberately avoided the term 'trainee' during introductions. There was no association between trainees' age, gender or specialty and their comfort in describing themselves as 'trainees', but the more junior trainees were more comfortable using this term than the senior grades (p<0.0001). Overall, 76% disliked the term 'trainee', for various reasons.
CONCLUSION
All doctors in this study introduced themselves by name but the majority did not specify their training grade or trainee status, predominantly because they believed it could trigger anxiety around their competence or undermine confidence in their abilities.
Topics: Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Humans; Internship and Residency; London; Male; Names; Physician-Patient Relations; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 30097554
DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135219 -
Memory (Hove, England) Sep 2017Feedback is an important self-regulatory process that affects task effort and subsequent performance. Benefits of positive feedback for list recall have been explored in...
Feedback is an important self-regulatory process that affects task effort and subsequent performance. Benefits of positive feedback for list recall have been explored in research on goals and feedback, but the effect of negative feedback on memory has rarely been studied. The current research extends knowledge of memory and feedback effects by investigating face-name association memory and by examining the potential mediation of feedback effects, in younger and older adults, through self-evaluative beliefs. Beliefs were assessed before and after name recognition and name recall testing. Repeated presentation of false positive feedback was compared to false negative feedback and a no feedback condition. Results showed that memory self-efficacy declined over time for participants in the negative and no feedback conditions but was sustained for those receiving positive feedback. Furthermore, participants who received negative feedback felt older after testing than before testing. For name recall, the positive feedback group outperformed the negative feedback and no feedback groups combined, with no age interactions. The observed feedback-related effects on memory were fully mediated by changes in memory self-efficacy. These findings advance our understanding of how beliefs are related to feedback in memory and inform future studies examining the importance of self-regulation in memory.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Culture; Feedback, Psychological; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Names; Recognition, Psychology; Self Efficacy; Young Adult
PubMed: 27885897
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1260746 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Dec 2017The use of proper names enables us to designate entities, including people, at a very specific level of categorization: the unique entity or the individual. The paper... (Review)
Review
The use of proper names enables us to designate entities, including people, at a very specific level of categorization: the unique entity or the individual. The paper presents a general overview of psychological/cognitive and neuroscientific studies that have compared the production of proper names, in particular people's names, with the production of common nouns during the last thirty years. The search for specific brain correlates of proper naming included single-case and group studies of patients with brain lesions, and studies utilizing functional neuroimaging or brain electrical stimulation with healthy participants. These studies have led neuroscientists to hypothesize that the recall of proper names involves a rather complex network including mainly left frontal and temporal regions. Behavioural evidence supports the view that proper names are more difficult to recall than common names, and scientists have proposed different explanations for this relative difficulty. Finally, several new directions for future research are proposed to improve our understanding of both cognitive processes and their brain correlates involved during proper name recall.
Topics: Brain; Cognition; Humans; Linguistics; Names; Neurosciences; Psychology
PubMed: 29038031
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.008 -
Cognition Jul 2020Successfully learning and remembering people's names is a challenging memory task for adults of all ages, and this already difficult social skill worsens with age, even... (Review)
Review
Successfully learning and remembering people's names is a challenging memory task for adults of all ages, and this already difficult social skill worsens with age, even in normative "healthy" aging. The own-age bias, a type of in-group bias, could affect the difficulty of this task across age. Past evidence supports an own-age bias in face processing, wherein individuals preferably attend to and better recognize faces of members of their own age group. However, the own-age bias has not been examined previously in relation to explicit face-name associative encoding and subsequent name retrieval, despite the importance of this social skill. Using behavioral and eye-tracking methodology, this cross-sectional research investigated the own-age bias for name memory (recognition and recall) and visual attention (fixation count, looking time, and normalized pupil size) when learning novel face-name pairs. Younger adult (n = 90) and older adult (n = 84) participants completed a face-name association task that tested name memory for younger and older female and male faces, while eye-tracking data were recorded. The visual attention variables taken from the eye-tracking data showed significant age-of-face effects at both encoding and retrieval, but no overall own-age bias in attention. Both younger and older participants showed an own-age bias in name recall with better memory for names paired with faces of their own age, as compared to other-aged faces. This cross-over effect for name memory suggests that memory for information with high social and affective relevance to the individual may be relatively spared in aging, despite overall age-related declines in memory performance.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Names; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 32192981
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104253 -
Psychological Science Feb 2016Failures to focus attention will affect any task engagement (e.g., at work, in the classroom, when driving). At the clinical end, distractibility is a diagnostic...
Failures to focus attention will affect any task engagement (e.g., at work, in the classroom, when driving). At the clinical end, distractibility is a diagnostic criterion of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we examined whether the inability to maintain attentional focus varies in the overall population in the form of an attention-distractibility trait. To test this idea, we administered an ADHD diagnostic tool to a sample of healthy participants and assessed the relationship between ADHD symptoms and task distraction. ADHD symptom summary scores were significantly positively associated with distractor interference in letter-search and name-classification tasks (as measured by reaction time), as long as the distractors were irrelevant (cartoon images) rather than relevant (i.e., compatible or incompatible with target names). Higher perceptual load during a task eliminated distraction irrespective of ADHD score. These findings suggest the existence of an attention-distractibility trait that confers vulnerability to irrelevant distraction, which can be remedied by increasing the level of perceptual load during the task.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Personality; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Young Adult
PubMed: 26667659
DOI: 10.1177/0956797615617761 -
AMA Journal of Ethics Jun 2023Over the past decade, ways of defining self in relation to gender identity and forms of expression have widely expanded. Along with this expansion of identifying...
Over the past decade, ways of defining self in relation to gender identity and forms of expression have widely expanded. Along with this expansion of identifying language, there has been an increase in medical professionals and clinics specializing in providing gender care. Yet many barriers to providing this care still exist for clinicians-including their comfort with and knowledge about collecting and retaining a patient's demographic information, respecting the name and pronouns a patient goes by, and providing overall ethical care. This article shares one transgender person's numerous health care encounters over 20 years as both a patient and a professional.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Health Personnel; Patients
PubMed: 37285300
DOI: 10.1001/amajethics.2023.452 -
Psychological Reports Jun 2020Three experiments investigated a common but intriguing phenomenon, that is, repeated personal name confusion, a phenomenon at the border between language and memory. The...
Three experiments investigated a common but intriguing phenomenon, that is, repeated personal name confusion, a phenomenon at the border between language and memory. The purpose of those experiments was to evaluate the impact of the semantic and phonological similarities on name confusion and to compare repeated naming confusions (i.e., repeatedly confounding two names) with single confusions (i.e., confounding two names only once) in a same experimental paradigm. In all experiments, participants (64 middle-aged participants for each experiment) were asked to memorize the association between 16 names and 16 faces (face-name learning task). In Experiments 1 and 2, the two studied variables were the phonological similarity between the confused names and the semantic similarity between the two bearers of the confused names (using a visually derived semantic code in Experiment 1 and an identity-specific semantic code in Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the impact of those two semantic similarities between the bearers of the confused names was taken into account, whereas the phonological similarity was not taken into account. First, results showed a main effect of the phonological and semantic similarity on name confusion (more confusions when the names were phonologically related or when the bearers of the names were semantically related). Second, we found that (1) the combination of the phonological and the semantic similarity and (2) the combination of the two semantic similarities led to an increase of name confusions. Third, in the three experiments, we found that the semantic and phonological similarities had a similar impact on repeated and single confusions. Finally, results showed that participants always made more single than repeated confusions, except in the case when the bearers of the confused names shared two semantic features.
Topics: Adult; Association Learning; Facial Recognition; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Names; Phonetics; Psycholinguistics; Semantics
PubMed: 30663517
DOI: 10.1177/0033294118825098