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Journal of Speech, Language, and... Mar 2018Masked priming has been suggested as a way to directly target implicit lexical retrieval processes in aphasia. This study was designed to investigate repeated use of...
PURPOSE
Masked priming has been suggested as a way to directly target implicit lexical retrieval processes in aphasia. This study was designed to investigate repeated use of masked repetition priming to improve picture naming in individuals with anomia due to aphasia.
METHOD
A single-subject, multiple-baseline design was used across 6 people with aphasia. Training involved repeated exposure to pictures that were paired with masked identity primes or sham primes. Two semantic categories were trained in series for each participant. Analyses assessed treatment effects, generalization within and across semantic categories, and effects on broader language skills, immediately and 3 months after treatment.
RESULTS
Four of the 6 participants improved in naming trained items immediately after treatment. Improvements were generally greater for items that were presented in training with masked identity primes than items that were presented repeatedly during training with masked sham primes. Generalization within and across semantic categories was limited. Generalization to broader language skills was inconsistent.
CONCLUSION
Masked repetition priming may improve naming for some individuals with anomia due to aphasia. A number of methodological and theoretical insights into further development of this treatment approach are discussed.
Topics: Aged; Anomia; Female; Generalization, Psychological; Humans; Language Therapy; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Names; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Repetition Priming; Semantics; Speech; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29486491
DOI: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-17-0192 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Oct 2018
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Names; Patient Compliance; Physician-Patient Relations
PubMed: 30281983
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1806388 -
Neuroreport May 2016This electrophysiological study examined the roles of self-specificity (designating the participant: 'me' vs. 'not-me'), self-relevance (degree of relevance to the...
This electrophysiological study examined the roles of self-specificity (designating the participant: 'me' vs. 'not-me'), self-relevance (degree of relevance to the participant: high self-relevance vs. less self-relevance), and familiarity (the frequency of occurrence in daily routine: high familiarity vs. less familiarity) in the preferential processing of self-name (SN) by comparing the processing of SN (i.e. the participant's name being of 'me', high self-relevance and high familiarity) with the processing of a close other's name (CON) (e.g. the participant's father's name being of 'not-me', high self-relevance and high familiarity), a famous person's name (FPN) (e.g. a politician's name being of 'not-me', less self-relevance and less familiarity), and an unknown name (UN) (e.g. a stranger's name being of 'not-me', self-irrelevance and unfamiliarity). Participants were asked to complete an implicit task (i.e. to judge the color of the name stimuli). This study found that SN elicited larger N170 amplitudes than all other names, whereas there were no differences between its amplitudes elicited by all other names. There were no differences between P300 amplitudes elicited by SN and CON, whereas the above two names elicited larger P300 amplitudes than FPN and UN. These findings suggest that the preferential processing of SN is not only because of self-relevance and familiarity that could differentiate between names with high self-relevance and high familiarity (i.e. SN and CON) and names with less self-relevance/self-irrelevance and less familiarity/unfamiliarity (i.e. FPN and UN) but also because of self-specificity that could differentiate between SN and all other names.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cerebral Cortex; Event-Related Potentials, P300; Evoked Potentials; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Names; Self Concept; Young Adult
PubMed: 27022818
DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000582 -
British Journal of Psychology (London,... Feb 2022The standards that a person pursue in life can be set in a rigid or flexible way. The recent literature has emphasized a distinction between high and realistic standards...
The standards that a person pursue in life can be set in a rigid or flexible way. The recent literature has emphasized a distinction between high and realistic standards of excellence, from high and unrealistic standards of perfection. In two studies, we investigated the role of striving towards excellence (i.e., excellencism) and striving towards perfection (i.e., perfectionism) in relation to divergent thinking, associative thinking, and openness to experience, general self-efficacy, and creative self-beliefs. In Study 1, 279 university students completed three divergent thinking items, which called for creative uses of two common objects and to name original things which make noise. A measure of openness to experience was included. Results from multiple regression indicated that participants pursuing excellence tended to generate more answers and more original ones compared with those pursuing perfection. Openness to experience was positively associated to excellencism and negatively associated to perfectionism. In Study 2 (n = 401 university students), we replicated these findings and extended them to associative tasks requiring participants to generate chains of unrelated words. Additional individual differences measures included general self-efficacy, creative self-efficacy, and creative personal identity. The results suggested that excellencism was associated with better performance on divergent thinking and associative tasks, compared with perfectionism. Excellencism was positively associated with all four personality variables, whereas perfectionism was significantly and negatively associated with openness to experience only. Implications for the distinction between perfectionism and excellencism with respect to creative indicators are discussed. In addition, the paradoxical finding that perfection strivers had high creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity but lower openness to experience and poorer performance on objective indicators of creative abilities is discussed.
Topics: Creativity; Humans; Perfectionism; Self Concept
PubMed: 34472100
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12530 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The partner-advantage is a type of identity-priority processing that we afford to a person with whom we perform a task together . The partner-advantage has been revealed...
The partner-advantage is a type of identity-priority processing that we afford to a person with whom we perform a task together . The partner-advantage has been revealed by shortened reaction time (RT) and enhanced accuracy when participants learned to match a shape with an associated name. It is distinguished from other long-lasting and robust identity advantages (e.g., self-advantage and friend-advantage) by its instantaneous build-up and quick reduction; however, its characteristics and enabling factors remain unknown. The present study addresses these questions. In Experiment 1, we replicated the partner-advantage in a solo shape-name matching task (i.e., without a social component) in which other identity biases are usually reported. In Experiment 2, an absent partner (who did not appear physically) was sufficient to induce beneficial partner-related processing, with a temporary partner enjoying a benefit similar to that of significant others. In Experiment 3, an identity low in socially affiliated significance (e.g., another participant in the same experiment) did not automatically enjoy a priority bias. Taken together, our results suggest that the bias toward partners, similar to other known identity biases, does not require physical presence to build and maintain a referential advantage. The partner-advantage does not automatically extend to other social affiliations, and a joint task is not a pre-requisite to produce the bias. Our study offers new insights on identity-referential processing and its underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Humans; Reaction Time; Friends; Bias; Names
PubMed: 36494379
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25052-1 -
Annals of Human Biology Sep 2019Previous studies on Russian surnames have been based on outdated and inconsistent sources; they also had limited territorial coverage and population samples constrained...
Previous studies on Russian surnames have been based on outdated and inconsistent sources; they also had limited territorial coverage and population samples constrained by Russian ethnicity. To study surnames for the present Russian population, including migrants, as of January 2019. Based on cell phone subscriber data, our sample has twenty nine million people and 380 thousand different surnames. We made a list of five hundred of the most popular surnames in modern Russia, and the top five surnames in several regions. Ivanov is the most common surname in Russia. Kuznetsov, Smirnov, Popov, and Petrov contribute to the top five most popular surnames. Thirty-one percent of the names listed are of non-Russian origin: Arabian, Turkic, Ukrainian, Armenian, Jewish, Chinese and Korean surnames are among them. There is a core of fourteen thousand surnames, which are used by 70% of the population. The regions with a high variety of surnames are located within the main belt of settlement in Russia, which fostered a more active exchange of the population. The regional surname distribution reflects the specificity of historical pathways of settlement and ethnic, cultural and religious plurality.
Topics: Ethnicity; Humans; Names; Russia
PubMed: 31711311
DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1685130 -
Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) Jul 2022
Topics: Humans; Names; Physicians; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 35925273
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01354-4 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Oct 2022
Topics: Humans; Names; Racism; White People
PubMed: 36227789
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2022.31.18.962 -
Cognition Aug 2021Infants can discriminate languages that belong to different rhythmic classes at birth. The ability to perform within-class discrimination emerges around the fifth month...
Infants can discriminate languages that belong to different rhythmic classes at birth. The ability to perform within-class discrimination emerges around the fifth month of life. The cues that infants use to discriminate between prosodically close languages remain elusive. Segmental information could be a potential cue, since infants notice vowel mispronunciations of their names, show the first signs of word recognition and the first signs of perceptual narrowing for vowels around 6 months of age. If infants have in place some proto-segmental information, most likely it is about vowels. Another potential cue infants may use to discriminate languages is intonation. We tested participants using sentences in Eastern Catalan, Western Catalan and Spanish. The two Catalan dialects and Spanish belong to the same rhythmic class, they are syllable-timed, but they differ in terms of vowel distribution, given that only Eastern Catalan has vocalic reduction. The vowel distributions of Western Catalan and Spanish are more comparable. However, they differ in terms of their intonational patterns. In Experiment 1, we tested the ability of 4.5-month-old infants learning Eastern Catalan and/or Spanish to discriminate between sentences in Eastern and Western Catalan and in Experiment 2 their ability to discriminate between sentences in Western Catalan and Spanish. In order to disentangle the contribution of segmental and suprasegmental information, we also tested infants using low-pass filtered sentences in the two dialects (Experiment 3) and low-pass filtered sentences in Western Catalan and Spanish (Experiment 4). Infants discriminated the two Catalan dialects only when the stimuli were natural sentences, whereas they were able to discriminate between Western Catalan and Spanish when the stimuli were either natural or low-pass filtered sentences. The research also provides evidence of equivalent language discrimination abilities in infants growing up in monolingual and bilingual environments.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Language; Language Development; Learning; Multilingualism; Names; Phonetics; Speech Perception
PubMed: 33618839
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104628 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Apr 2019Face-name association is a relevant ability for social interactions and involves the ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, particularly in the left hemisphere,...
Resting state functional connectivity and neural correlates of face-name encoding in patients with ischemic vascular lesions with and without the involvement of the left inferior frontal gyrus.
Face-name association is a relevant ability for social interactions and involves the ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, particularly in the left hemisphere, bilateral hippocampal, fusiform gyrus and occipital regions. Previous studies demonstrated the primary role of the hippocampus for this ability in healthy subjects. However, no study has examined the participation of the left inferior frontal area, specially the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in patients with ischemic vascular lesions. In the present study we addressed this issue and investigated the neural correlates and resting state functional connectivity of face-name memory encoding in ischemic patients with LIFG or without lesions in the left IFG (nLIFG) and healthy controls (HC) using fMRI. The main results showed that the nLIFG group demonstrated efficient compensation related to encoding and performance on face-name learning and recognition memory task, in addition to similar brain areas activated during task performance compared to healthy controls. Some of these areas were more activated in nLIFG group, indicating a compensation mechanism. In contrast, the LIFG group showed worse behavior performance, and no signs of an efficient compensation mechanism. Functional connectivity analysis suggested that the left IFG region seems to be important for maintaining the connectivity of the right fusiform gyrus or, perhaps, lesion in this area is associated to maladaptive reorganization. Our findings highlight the relevant role of the left IFG in face-name learning and encoding, possibly as a primary region in addition to the bilateral hippocampal formation and fusiform gyrus.
Topics: Adult; Brain Ischemia; Facial Recognition; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Names; Nerve Net; Prefrontal Cortex
PubMed: 30557760
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.016