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Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Feb 2019This study investigated the phenomenon of personal name confusion, i.e. calling a familiar person by someone else's name. Two types of name confusion were considered:... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study investigated the phenomenon of personal name confusion, i.e. calling a familiar person by someone else's name. Two types of name confusion were considered: single confusions (i.e. confusions that appeared only once) and repeated confusions (i.e. confusions that appeared repeatedly). The main purpose of the present study was to compare these two types of personal name confusion and to identify the similarities and differences between them. Participants were asked to fill in two questionnaires (one for each type of confusion) in order to collect information about the properties of the confusions. Results indicated that single and repeated confusions shared some similarities (the similarity of the gender and age of the bearers of the confused names, the phonological similarity between the confused names, the positive or negative valence of the relationship between the participant and the bearers of the names, the frequency of encountering the bearers of the names, and the low level of stress on the part of the participant when the confusions were made). However, some differences were also found between single and repeated confusions (the context of encountering, the length of time that the participant had known the two bearers of the names, the presence of the inverse confusion, the facial resemblance between the two bearers, the kind of relationship shared by the participant and the two bearers, and the state of tiredness on the part of the participant when the confusions were made). In addition, regression analysis indicated that the facial resemblance between the target person and the intruder, the phonological similarity of the names and the difference in age between the two bearer of the names were significant predictors of the frequency of the repeated confusions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Middle Aged; Names; Phonetics; Psycholinguistics; Semantics; Social Perception; Verbal Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 29748842
DOI: 10.1007/s10936-018-9586-3 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Sep 2023For over a century, the plain radiograph has been used to measure and predict the development of pediatric hip conditions. Classic measurements, such as the acetabular... (Review)
Review
For over a century, the plain radiograph has been used to measure and predict the development of pediatric hip conditions. Classic measurements, such as the acetabular index, the center-edge angle, and the migration percentage, have stood the test of time and remain the default tools for any pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. However, in contemporary research, the terminology regarding these measurements has become markedly inconsistent. A substantial number of synonyms, acronyms, and similar, but not identical, terms are used to label measurements. This is perhaps unsurprising, considering decades of use and numerous suggested modifications. The results of treatment cannot be reliably compared if the measured parameters are not identical, and scientific analysis of disease requires consistent terminology. In this review, we aim both to provide historical definitions and identification of radiographic landmarks commonly used in three parameters of interest on pediatric AP radiographs and to examine the variability of landmarks and definitions in contemporary research.
Topics: Humans; Child; Names; Pelvis; Acetabulum; Orthopedic Surgeons; Orthopedics
PubMed: 37734040
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-23-00120 -
Journal of the International... Jan 2022The relevance of the episodic memory in the prediction of brain aging is well known. The Face Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) is a valued associative memory measure...
OBJECTIVE
The relevance of the episodic memory in the prediction of brain aging is well known. The Face Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) is a valued associative memory measure related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, such as amyloid-β deposition preclinical AD individuals. Previous validation of the Spanish version of the FNAME test (S-FNAME) provided normative data and psychometric characteristics. The study was limited to subjects attending a memory clinic and included a reduced sample with gender inequality distribution. The purpose of this study was to assess S-FNAME psychometric properties and provide normative data in a larger independent sample of cognitively healthy individuals.
METHOD
S-FNAME was administered to 511 cognitively healthy volunteers (242 women, aged 41-65 years) participating in the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative cohort study.
RESULTS
Factor analysis supported construct validity revealing two underlying components: face-name and face-occupation and explaining 95.34% of the total variance, with satisfactory goodness of fit. Correlations between S-FNAME and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test were statistically significant and confirmed its convergent validity. We also found weak correlations with non-memory tests supporting divergent validity. Women showed better scores, and S-FNAME was positively correlated with education and negatively with age. Finally, we generated normative data.
CONCLUSIONS
The S-FNAME test exhibits good psychometric properties, consistent with previous findings, resulting in a valid and reliable tool to assess episodic memory in cognitively healthy middle-aged adults. It is a promising test for the early detection of subtle memory dysfunction associated with abnormal brain aging.
Topics: Adult; Alzheimer Disease; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Memory; Middle Aged; Names; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 33749568
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617721000084 -
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Dec 2019Rapid identification of a familiar face requires an image-invariant representation of person identity. A varying sample of familiar faces is necessary to disentangle...
Rapid identification of a familiar face requires an image-invariant representation of person identity. A varying sample of familiar faces is necessary to disentangle image-level from person-level processing. We investigated the time course of face identity processing using a multivariate electroencephalography analysis. Participants saw ambient exemplars of celebrity faces that differed in pose, lighting, hairstyle, and so forth. A name prime preceded a face on half of the trials to preactivate person-specific information, whereas a neutral prime was used on the remaining half. This manipulation helped dissociate perceptual- and semantic-based identification. Two time intervals within the post-face onset electroencephalography epoch were sensitive to person identity. The early perceptual phase spanned 110-228 msec and was not modulated by the name prime. The late semantic phase spanned 252-1000 msec and was sensitive to person knowledge activated by the name prime. Within this late phase, the identity response occurred earlier in time (300-600 msec) for the name prime with a scalp topography similar to the FN400 ERP. This may reflect a matching of the person primed in memory with the face on the screen. Following a neutral prime, the identity response occurred later in time (500-800 msec) with a scalp topography similar to the P600f ERP. This may reflect activation of semantic knowledge associated with the identity. Our results suggest that processing of identity begins early (110 msec), with some tolerance to image-level variations, and then progresses in stages sensitive to perceptual and then to semantic features.
Topics: Adult; Discrimination, Psychological; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Names; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Recognition, Psychology; Semantics; Temporal Lobe; Young Adult
PubMed: 31368824
DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01453 -
Der Nervenarzt Oct 2022Some 90 years after the beginning of the Nazi regime, the German Neurological Society (DGN) commissioned an investigation into the extent to which persecution,... (Review)
Review
Some 90 years after the beginning of the Nazi regime, the German Neurological Society (DGN) commissioned an investigation into the extent to which persecution, expulsion and extermination during the "Third Reich" also affected neurologists. In total, the biographies of 61 mostly Jewish physicians and scientists, of whom more than 70% were members of the neurological association of the time, could be analyzed. Most of them emigrated, a few remained in Germany or Austria despite persecution, and nine died in the Holocaust or by suicide. The racistically motivated expulsion affected all age groups, especially those who were 30-60 years old in "middle" positions. In close connection with Nazi legislation, three waves of emigration can be distinguished (1933-1934, 1935-1937, 1938-1939) and the clearly preferred destination country was the USA (64.7%). Younger age, knowledge of a universal language, reliable family and academic connections as well as internationally recognized publications, could make it easier to start a career in the country of exile. It was not uncommon for those who were involved in neurological fields before emigration to turn to basic science or psychiatry afterwards. The general "brain-drain"/"brain gain" hypothesis must be expanded by analyses on the biographical microlevel in order to illustrate the difficulties emigrants encountered when trying to start a new career and to publicize a sometimes unsuccessful acculturation. Not a single neurologist returned to Germany and, as far as can be assessed, any compensation, if at all was low. The critical assessment of the racistically motivated persecution between 1933 and 1945 can today be an occasion for the DGN and its members to reflect on collegiality as a value as well as to become more aware of structurally related discrimination and injustice and to counteract it in a timely manner.
Topics: Adult; Emigration and Immigration; Eponyms; Germany; History, 20th Century; Humans; Language; Middle Aged; National Socialism; Neurologists
PubMed: 36197484
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01328-9 -
Nursing Management Feb 2018A transformative approach to influence change.
A transformative approach to influence change.
Topics: Abbreviations as Topic; Accidental Falls; Humans; Leadership; Models, Organizational; Nurse Administrators; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 29381537
DOI: 10.1097/01.NUMA.0000529930.04494.fc -
JAMA Dermatology Feb 2021
Topics: Dermatologists; Dermatology; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Names
PubMed: 33237302
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.4570 -
Quarterly Journal of Experimental... Jan 2021Extending the self-reference effect in memory to the level of social identity, previous research showed that processing information in reference to one's ingroup at...
Extending the self-reference effect in memory to the level of social identity, previous research showed that processing information in reference to one's ingroup at encoding enhances memory for the information (i.e., the group-reference effect). Notably, recent work on the self-reference effect has shown that even simply co-presenting an item with self-relevant vs. other-relevant information (e.g., one's own or another person's name) at encoding can produce an "incidental" self-memory advantage in the absence of any task demand to evaluate the item's self-relevancy. In three experiments, the present study examined whether this incidental self-memory advantage extends to the level of social identity using newly created, minimal groups (Experiments 1 and 2) and pre-existing groups (Experiment 3; one's own or another study major). During encoding, participants judged the location of each target word in relation to a simultaneously presented cue (Ingroup-cue or Outgroup-cue in Experiments 1 and 3; Ingroup-cue, Outgroup-cue, or Neutral-cue in Experiment 2). Consistent across all experiments, a subsequent recognition test revealed a significant memory advantage for words that were presented with the Ingroup-cue. Crucially, this incidental ingroup-memory advantage was driven by ingroup-memory enhancement rather than outgroup-memory suppression relative to memory for words presented with the Neutral-cue (Experiment 2), and was positively correlated with self-reported levels of ingroup identification (i.e., self-investment to one's ingroup; Experiment 3). Taken together, the present findings provide novel evidence that mere incidental associations between one's ingroup and to-be-remembered items in a non-referential, non-evaluative encoding context can produce a memory advantage for the items.
Topics: Group Processes; Humans; Memory; Names; Social Identification
PubMed: 32705946
DOI: 10.1177/1747021820948721 -
Early Human Development Sep 2018The recruitment of patients must occur in accordance with approved standards. Speaking to a patient during a routine clinical consultation and offering to participate in...
The recruitment of patients must occur in accordance with approved standards. Speaking to a patient during a routine clinical consultation and offering to participate in a research, even if consented to, can only be an introduction to the recruitment process. The potential participant must then be referred to a competent person who explains the reasons for the research, why the patient is a good candidate, what the requirements from the participant will be, such as any additional visits and blood samples to be taken, how long the research will last, any compensation and what type of research is to be undertaken, such as a double blind-controlled trial and what it means. Participants must be given due time to reflect, discuss with friends or relatives, and have a contact person and number to be free to ask any questions. Their rights during the research have to be explicitly described and the extent to which the data is anonymised and protected must be explained realistically. Compensation moreover must be fair and not too enticing that it will cloud the judgement of the participant to volunteer. As the name implies the participant must remain a volunteer.
Topics: Access to Information; Anonyms and Pseudonyms; Biomedical Research; Data Anonymization; European Union; Humans; Patient Selection
PubMed: 29731263
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.024 -
Cognitive Research: Principles and... Oct 2022Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access...
Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access areas, or when issuing identity credentials. In these settings, other biographical details-such as name or date of birth on an identity document-are also often compared to existing records, but the impact of these concurrent checks on decisions has not been examined. Here, we asked participants to sequentially compare name, then face information between an ID card and digital records to detect errors. Across four experiments (combined n = 274), despite being told that mismatches between written name pairs and face image pairs were independent, participants were more likely to say that face images matched when names also matched. Across all experiments, we found that this bias was unaffected by the image quality, suggesting that the source of the bias is somewhat independent of perceptual processes. In a final experiment, we show that this decisional bias was found only for name checks, but not when participants were asked to check ID card expiration dates or unrelated object names. We conclude that the bias arises from processing identity information and propose that it operates at the level of unfamiliar person identity representations. Results are interpreted in the context of theoretical models of face processing, and we discuss applied implications.
Topics: Bias; Facial Recognition; Humans; Names; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 36224440
DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00441-2