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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018Filamentous fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which are recognized as a rich source of biomolecules with potential medicinal applications. According...
Filamentous fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which are recognized as a rich source of biomolecules with potential medicinal applications. According to chemical structures and biosynthetic pathways, secondary metabolites are mainly divided into four groups, including polyketide, nonribosomal peptides, alkaloids, and terpenes. Owing to their special living environment, plant endophytic fungi potentially produce many bioactive metabolites with diverse structural features. Some of these metabolites have been demonstrated to hold pharmaceutical and ecological significance. In order to identify bioactive compounds, different methods have been developed to isolate secondary metabolites from plant endophytic fungi. In this chapter, we describe the procedures for fungal fermentation, metabolite extraction, and analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici, which was isolated from the healthy branches of Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), produces 88 secondary metabolites including 70 new natural products. Combining 74 secondary metabolite clusters revealed by genome sequencing analysis, P. fici is used as an example for analysis of secondary metabolites. The procedures could also be adopted for other fungi after small modifications.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Chromatography; Endophytes; Energy Metabolism; Fermentation; Fungi; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plants; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 30182226
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8724-5_3 -
Studies in Mycology Sep 2014Species of Pestalotiopsis occur commonly as plant pathogens, and represent a fungal group known to produce a wide range of chemically novel, diverse metabolites. In the...
Species of Pestalotiopsis occur commonly as plant pathogens, and represent a fungal group known to produce a wide range of chemically novel, diverse metabolites. In the present study, we investigated 91 Pestalotiopsis isolates from the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS) culture collection. The phylogeny of the Amphisphaeriaceae was constructed based on analysis of 28S nrRNA gene (LSU) sequence data, and taxonomic changes are proposed to reflect more natural groupings. We combined morphological and DNA data, and segregated two novel genera from Pestalotiopsis, namely Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. The three genera are easily distinguishable on the basis of their conidiogenous cells and colour of their median conidial cells. We coupled morphological and combined sequence data of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial β-tubulin (TUB) and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) gene regions, which revealed 30 clades in Neopestalotiopsis and 43 clades in Pestalotiopsis. Based on these data, 11 new species are introduced in Neopestalotiopsis, 24 in Pestalotiopsis, and two in Pseudopestalotiopsis. Several new combinations are proposed to emend monophyly of Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis.
PubMed: 25492988
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.005 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022species have gained attention thanks to their structurally complex and biologically active secondary metabolites. In past decades, several new secondary metabolites... (Review)
Review
species have gained attention thanks to their structurally complex and biologically active secondary metabolites. In past decades, several new secondary metabolites were isolated and identified. Their bioactivities were tested, including anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and nematicidal activity. Since the previous review published in 2014, new secondary metabolites were isolated and identified from species and unidentified strains. This review gathered published articles from 2014 to 2021 and focused on 239 new secondary metabolites and their bioactivities. To date, 384 species have been discovered in diverse ecological habitats, with the majority of them unstudied. Some may contain secondary metabolites with unique bioactivities that might benefit pharmacology.
Topics: Pestalotiopsis; Antifungal Agents; Ecosystem
PubMed: 36432188
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228088 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2023Following an EFSA commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants ( grafted on ) imported from China, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of a...
Following an EFSA commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants ( grafted on ) imported from China, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Pestalotiopsidaceae. The pathogen was reported on a wide range of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and gymnosperms, either cultivated or wild plant species, causing various symptoms such as leaf spot, leaf blight, scabby canker, fruit spot, pre- and post-harvest fruit rot and root rot. In addition, the fungus was reported as an endophyte on a wide range of asymptomatic plant species. This pest categorisation focuses on the hosts that are relevant for the EU and for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequencing analyses. was reported in Africa, North, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania. In the EU, it was reported in the Netherlands. There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of worldwide and in the EU, because of the endophytic nature of the fungus, the lack of surveys, and because in the past, when molecular tools were not fully developed, the pathogen might have been misidentified as other species or other members of the Pestalodiopsidaceae family based on morphology and pathogenicity tests. is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Plants for planting, fresh fruits, bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other growing media associated with plant debris are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment and spread of the pathogen. The introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU are expected to have an economic and environmental impact where susceptible hosts are grown. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Unless the restricted distribution in the EU is disproven, satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.
PubMed: 38130321
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8493 -
Persoonia Jul 2022Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , , and on soil, from stem cankers of , from stem of , and from...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , , and on soil, from stem cankers of , from stem of , and from leaves of , as endophyte from roots of , from stem of , from leaves of × and from roots of , from intertidal wood and (incl. gen. nov.) on buds of , from a bark beetle gallery on and (incl. gen. nov.) from wood of , and (incl. gen. nov.) from bore dust of feeding on wood, (incl. gen. nov.) endophytic in roots of and on soil. , on soil and from soil. , from , on soil. , (incl. gen. nov.), and on dead culms of , on and (incl. gen. nov.) on , on dead culm of , on stems of , on dead culm of undetermined , (incl. gen. nov.) on dead leaves of and (incl. gen. nov.) on dead twigs of , from sand grains attached to a piece of driftwood on a sandy beach. , on the base of living and amongst dead leaves of and herbs. , (incl. gen. nov.) on living leaves of sp. and on twigs of , on soil, endophytic in roots of , on soil, from fluvial sediments, from a dead twig of , and in soil. , , and on soil. , , and on soil. , on overwintered stems of , from living leaves of and from a minute mushroom sporocarp. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. : Crous PW, Boers J, Holdom D, et al. 2022. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383-1435. Persoonia 48: 261-371. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.48.08.
PubMed: 38234686
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.48.08 -
Natural Product Research Oct 2021The plant , possessed a range of active compounds, was traditionally used in the medicine of Chinese minorities. Endophytic fungi were isolated from this plant, of which...
The plant , possessed a range of active compounds, was traditionally used in the medicine of Chinese minorities. Endophytic fungi were isolated from this plant, of which the fungus sp. GDG-118 was fermented and extracted with methanol. The extract was screened by antifungal and antibacterial assays leading to the discovery of two new 21-acetoxycytochalasins () and five known cytochalasins (). These two new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, and further their absolute configurations were determined by the X-ray of compound and comparing their experimental CD spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of these compounds were evaluated. Compound showed significant inhibitory activity against and with MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL, and showed strong antifungal activity against , and with MIC values of 3.125, 1.56 and 1.56 μg/mL, respectively.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colletotrichum; Cytochalasins; Molecular Structure; Xylariales
PubMed: 31833797
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1700504 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022is a family of flowering plants widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Species of are well-known agents of...
is a family of flowering plants widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Species of are well-known agents of leaf spot diseases, but targeted sampling on is still missing. To determine the diversity of species associated with leaf spot in China, investigations were conducted in the main areas of distribution from 2016 to 2021. Diseased leaf tissues were collected, and fungal isolates were obtained from leaf spots. In the present study, 43 isolates of were studied based on combined morphology and phylogeny. As a result, 10 new species were identified, , , , , , , , , , , and , and six new host records were recognized. is a common fungal genus inhabiting plant tissues as endophytes, pathogens, and saprophytes. is a plant family including many important tree species, such as and spp. In this study, diseased leaves of in China were investigated, and 16 species were identified based on morphology and phylogeny of combined loci of internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-α (), and the beta-tubulin () genes. Among these, 10 new species were found, and six new host records were revealed. Our study significantly updates the taxonomy of and enhances our understanding of leaf diseases of hosts.
Topics: Pestalotiopsis; Fagaceae; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Ascomycota; China
PubMed: 36354327
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-22 -
Phytochemistry Aug 2022Pestalopyrones A-D are four unusual tricyclic pyrone derivatives with flexible chiral structures, isolated from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis neglecta S3. The...
Pestalopyrones A-D are four unusual tricyclic pyrone derivatives with flexible chiral structures, isolated from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis neglecta S3. The full elucidation of their structures was a challenging task, and remained unsolved in the original article. Herein, the relative configurations of pestalopyrones A and pestalopyrones B were unambiguously assigned by detailed analyses on spectroscopic data and GIAO C NMR calculation method with sorted training sets (STS). The planar structures of pestalopyrones C and pestalopyrones D were revised by reinterpretation of their reported spectroscopic data, and then their relative configurations were deduced by STS GIAO C NMR calculation and NOE analysis. The absolute configurations of all the mentioned compounds were determined by the comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD curves.
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Pyrones
PubMed: 35436477
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113205 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2023Following the commodity risk assessments of bonsai plants from China consisting of grafted on performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest...
Following the commodity risk assessments of bonsai plants from China consisting of grafted on performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Pestalotiopsidaceae. The pathogen has been reported on herbaceous, woody and ornamental plants causing symptoms such as leaf blight, shoot blight, seedling blight, pod canker, pre- and post-harvest fruit rot, and gummosis. Moreover, the fungus was reported as an endophyte on a wide range of asymptomatic hosts. The pathogen is present in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. It has been reported from the EU, with a restricted distribution (Portugal). There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of in the EU and worldwide, because of the endophytic nature of the fungus, the lack of surveys and since the pathogen might have been misidentified based only on morphology and pathogenicity tests. The pathogen is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. This pest categorisation focuses on those hosts that are relevant for the EU and for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, fresh fruits, bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant growing media are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen. Despite the low aggressiveness observed in most reported hosts, and the fact that may colonise plants as an endophyte, its introduction and spread in the EU may have an economic and environmental impact (with a key uncertainty) where susceptible hosts are grown. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen. The Panel cannot conclude on whether satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest, because of the key uncertainties on the restricted distribution in the EU and the magnitude of the impact.
PubMed: 38116101
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8494 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pestalotiod fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide and occur as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. The present study provides an updated...
Pestalotiod fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide and occur as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. The present study provides an updated phylogeny for genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Seiridium using fresh collections from woody oil plants (Camellia oleifera, Olea europaea, Paeonia suffruticosa, Sapium sebiferum, and Vernicia fordii) in Sichuan Province, China. We coupled morphology and combined sequence data analyses of ITS, tub2, and tef1-α for Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis, with ITS, LSU, tub2, tef1-α, and rpb2 for Seiridium. Three novel species of Neopestalotiopsis (N. mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola) and three of Seiridium (S. guangyuanum, S. vernicola, S. oleae), were found. Three other species, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium ceratosporum, and S. rosarum were identified and reported as new records. All isolated species are fully described and illustrated. Additionally, the sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis kenyana is described for the first time. Pathogenicity tests revealed that Neopestalotiopsis mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium guangyuanum, S. vernicola, and S. oleae are pathogenic on detached olive leaves.
PubMed: 36354942
DOI: 10.3390/jof8111175