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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2018There is an emerging need for greater understanding of pharmacology principles among technical staff. Indeed, the responsibility of dose preparation and administration,... (Review)
Review
There is an emerging need for greater understanding of pharmacology principles among technical staff. Indeed, the responsibility of dose preparation and administration, under any level of supervision, demands a foundational understanding of pharmacology. This is true for radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media, and pharmaceutical interventions or adjunctive medications. Regulation around the same might suggest a need to embed pharmacology theory in undergraduate education programs, and there is a need to disseminate that same foundational understanding to practicing clinicians. Moreover, pharmacology foundations can provide a key understanding of the principles that underpin quantitative techniques (e.g., pharmacokinetics). This article is the first in a series that aims to enhance the understanding of pharmacologic principles relevant to nuclear medicine. This article will deal with the introductory concepts, terminology, and principles that underpin the concepts to be discussed in the remainder of the series. The second article will build on the pharmacodynamic principles examined in this article with a treatment of pharmacokinetics. Article 3 will outline pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in general nuclear medicine, article 4 will cover pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in nuclear cardiology, and article 5 will discuss the pharmacology related to contrast media associated with CT and MRI. The final article (6) in the series will examine the pharmacology of drugs associated with the crash cart/emergency trolley.
Topics: Animals; Drug Interactions; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacology; Receptors, Cell Surface; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 29599397
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.117.199588 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Sep 2018Pharmacology principles provide a key understanding that underpins the clinical and research roles of nuclear medicine practitioners. This article is the second in a... (Review)
Review
Pharmacology principles provide a key understanding that underpins the clinical and research roles of nuclear medicine practitioners. This article is the second in a series of articles that aims to enhance the understanding of pharmacologic principles relevant to nuclear medicine. This article will build on the introductory concepts, terminology, and principles of pharmacodynamics explored in the first article in the series. Specifically, this article will focus on the basic principles associated with pharmacokinetics. Article 3 will outline pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in general nuclear medicine; article 4, pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in nuclear cardiology; article 5, pharmacology relevant to contrast media associated with CT and MRI; and article 6, drugs in the emergency cart.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology
PubMed: 29724803
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.117.199638 -
Anesthesiology Clinics Sep 2019An aging worldwide population demands that anesthesiologists consider geriatrics a unique subset of patients requiring customization of practice. This article reviews... (Review)
Review
An aging worldwide population demands that anesthesiologists consider geriatrics a unique subset of patients requiring customization of practice. This article reviews the current literature investigating physiologic changes of the elderly that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are discussed as well as the ultimate effects of medications. Implications for practice regarding specific anesthetic and analgesic drugs are addressed. Despite the immense body of research that contributes to understanding of geriatric pharmacology, elderly patients often are excluded from rigorous research trials, and further scientific investigation to inform best practices for this group of patients is needed.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 31337479
DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2019.04.007 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Aug 2019Drug discovery and development are among the most important translational science activities that contribute to human health and wellbeing. However, the development of a... (Review)
Review
Drug discovery and development are among the most important translational science activities that contribute to human health and wellbeing. However, the development of a new drug is a very complex, expensive, and long process which typically costs 2.6 billion USD and takes 12 years on average. How to decrease the costs and speed up new drug discovery has become a challenging and urgent question in industry. Artificial intelligence (AI) combined with new experimental technologies is expected to make the hunt for new pharmaceuticals quicker, cheaper, and more effective. We discuss here emerging applications of AI to improve the drug discovery process.
Topics: Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Drug Discovery; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacology; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31320117
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.06.004 -
Therapeutic Delivery Jul 2023The effectiveness of pharmaceutical drugs depends not only on their active components and manufacturing processes, but also on the role played by pharmaceutical... (Review)
Review
The effectiveness of pharmaceutical drugs depends not only on their active components and manufacturing processes, but also on the role played by pharmaceutical excipients. The traditional definition of excipients as inactive and cost-effective substances has evolved significantly. They are now recognized as essential elements of drug formulations, constituting 80-90% of the final product. The rapid advancements in delivery systems, along with scientific, regulatory, financial and technological developments in biopharmaceutics, have generated renewed interest in the use and functionality of excipients, especially in solid dosage forms. This review focuses on the categorization of excipients according to the International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council (IPEC) and the establishment of guidelines for evaluating the safety of a new proposed excipient.
Topics: Excipients; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Compounding; Biopharmaceutics; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 37464784
DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0026 -
Pharmacological Research Jul 2021
Topics: Animals; Bibliometrics; Humans; Journal Impact Factor; Periodicals as Topic; Pharmacology
PubMed: 33957268
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105645 -
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Sep 2018Ethnopharmacology relates to the study of substances used medicinally by different ethnic or cultural groups or handling of, drugs-based ethnicity or pharmacogenetics. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ethnopharmacology relates to the study of substances used medicinally by different ethnic or cultural groups or handling of, drugs-based ethnicity or pharmacogenetics.
AIMS
To review the key aspects of ethnopharmacology.
METHOD
This lecture gives an overview of the relationship between geography, culture, pharmacogenomics and prescribing.
RESULTS
Although the majority of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood-stabilisers are widely and cheaply available in generic forms, prescription rates can vary. Clozapine is one such example with prescribing-rates ranging from less than 10 patients per 100,000 people to nearly 180 patients/100,000 people. Pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotics and antidepressants concern gene polymorphisms that may affect both, pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic properties. Considerable genetic and ethnic variability has been seen for the P450 microsomal enzymes CYP 2D6 and 1A2.
CONCLUSIONS
With accelerated global mobility and increased understanding of medicinal substances at molecular level, understanding of ethnopharmacology will become increasingly important in routine clinical practice.
Topics: Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 30688173
DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1525636 -
Farmacia Hospitalaria : Organo Oficial... Jan 2020
Topics: Drug Industry; Drug Therapy; Humans; Pharmacology; Pharmacy Service, Hospital; Spain
PubMed: 31901054
DOI: 10.7399/fh.11373 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Pharmacology, Clinical; Pharmacology
PubMed: 37335056
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2931 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Sep 2018Pharmacological nomenclature has been continuously developed over the last century and taught to generations of medical, pharmacy, and science students. Many... (Review)
Review
Pharmacological nomenclature has been continuously developed over the last century and taught to generations of medical, pharmacy, and science students. Many pharmacological terms coined decades ago remain in textbooks and the scientific literature. With the advancement in the field and the identification of molecular drug targets, rethinking the pharmacological terms in the context of these new findings has become imperative. Some examples of such terms are antihistamine, beta blocker, calcium antagonist, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This opinion article is an attempt to generate discussion in the community that the better way forward to name/rename pharmacological terms would be according to their mechanism of action. A mechanism-based nomenclature provides important information about therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs. Abbreviations for drug classes have also been suggested. A parsimonious, practical, and mechanism-oriented pharmacological nomenclature will ultimately improve quality and safety of drug therapy.
Topics: Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacology; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 30025604
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.06.006