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Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2019Pharmacology, the chemical control of physiology, emerged as an offshoot of physiology when the physiologists using chemicals to probe physiological systems became more... (Review)
Review
Pharmacology, the chemical control of physiology, emerged as an offshoot of physiology when the physiologists using chemicals to probe physiological systems became more interested in the probes than the systems. Pharmacologists were always, and in many ways still are, bound to study drugs in systems they do not fully understand. Under these circumstances, null methods were the main ways in which conclusions about biologically active molecules were made. However, as understanding of the basic mechanisms of cellular function and biochemical systems were elucidated, so too did the understanding of how drugs affected these systems. Over the past 20 years, new ideas have emerged in the field that have completely changed and revitalized it; these are described herein. It will be seen how null methods in isolated tissues gave way to, first biochemical radioligand binding studies, and then to a wide array of functional assay technologies that can measure the effects of molecules on drug targets. In addition, the introduction of molecular dynamics, the appreciation of the allosteric nature of receptors, protein X-ray crystal structures, genetic manipulations in the form of knock-out and knock-in systems and Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs have revolutionized pharmacology.
Topics: Drug Design; Humans; Pharmacology; Receptors, Cell Surface
PubMed: 31768748
DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_297 -
Drug Metabolism Letters 2019
Topics: Animals; Cryopreservation; Drug Interactions; Humans; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Models, Animal; Pharmacology, Clinical
PubMed: 31146659
DOI: 10.2174/187231281301190430103757 -
Biochemical Pharmacology May 2021
Topics: History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Laboratory Personnel; Pharmacology
PubMed: 33476573
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114421 -
Pharmacological Research Jan 20193D organ models have gained increasing attention as novel preclinical test systems and alternatives to animal testing. Over the years, many excellent in vitro tissue... (Review)
Review
3D organ models have gained increasing attention as novel preclinical test systems and alternatives to animal testing. Over the years, many excellent in vitro tissue models have been developed. In parallel, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip tissue cultures have gained increasing interest for their ability to house several organ models on a single device and interlink these within a human-like environment. In contrast to these advancements, the development of human disease models is still in its infancy. Although major advances have recently been made, efforts still need to be intensified. Human disease models have proven valuable for their ability to closely mimic disease patterns in vitro, permitting the study of pathophysiological features and new treatment options. Although animal studies remain the gold standard for preclinical testing, they have major drawbacks such as high cost and ongoing controversy over their predictive value for several human conditions. Moreover, there is growing political and social pressure to develop alternatives to animal models, clearly promoting the search for valid, cost-efficient and easy-to-handle systems lacking interspecies-related differences. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art regarding 3D organ as well as the opportunities, limitations and future implications of their use.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Epithelium; Humans; Liver; Models, Biological; Pharmacology; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 30395949
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.002 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Aug 2021
Topics: Humans; Pharmacology; Pharmacology, Clinical
PubMed: 33835508
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14789 -
Journal of Pharmacological and... Sep 2017This editorial prefaces the annual themed issue on safety pharmacology (SP) methods published in the Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods (JPTM). We...
This editorial prefaces the annual themed issue on safety pharmacology (SP) methods published in the Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods (JPTM). We highlight here the content derived from the recent 2016 Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS), Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (CSPT), and Japanese Safety Pharmacology Society (JSPS) joint meeting held in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. This issue of JPTM continues the tradition of providing a publication summary of articles primarily presented at the joint meeting with direct bearing on the discipline of SP. As the regulatory landscape is expected to evolve with revision announced for the existing guidance document on non-clinical proarrhythmia risk assessment (ICHS7B) there is also imminent inception of the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative. Thus, the field of SP is dynamically progressing with characterization and implementation of numerous alternative non-clinical safety models. Novel method development and refinement in all areas of the discipline are reflected in the content.
Topics: Animals; Canada; Congresses as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Japan; Pharmacology; Societies, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 28461240
DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.012 -
The Journal of Pharmacology and... Dec 2015
Topics: Periodicals as Topic; Pharmacology; Pharmacology, Clinical
PubMed: 26511618
DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229138 -
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Apr 2019Although the monitoring of drug therapies based on the determination of drug concentrations in biological materials is certainly an important instrument for...
Although the monitoring of drug therapies based on the determination of drug concentrations in biological materials is certainly an important instrument for individualized dosing and dose adjustment with a broad variety of pharmaceuticals, its role is limited by the fact that it does not reflect pharmacodynamic (PD) and toxicodynamic interactions such as those caused by individual and environment-related factors. However, these interactions are important for both the efficacy and the safety of the drug therapy. Therefore, during recent years, there is an increased interest in personalized drug therapy as reflected by the development and clinical implementation of molecular "biomarkers" that are direct or surrogate markers of pharmacological effects [PD therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)]. Moreover, this process is driven by new developments in instrumentation, such as mass spectrometry and array technologies, and in computational biology/pharmacology, databases, and bioinformatics. This Focus Issue of the journal focuses on current achievements in and status of PD TDM with different classes of drugs. The contributions to the present issue of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring provide a critical analysis of current practices of TDM with their limitations, introduce newer promising biomarkers in the field of PD TDM, discuss the challenges faced to date in translating preclinical tools into clinical settings, and point out recent advances in the establishment of modeling approaches that apply to pharmacokinetics (PK)/PD as well as pharmacogenetic information.
Topics: Biomarkers; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Pharmacology
PubMed: 30883504
DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000627 -
Clinical Therapeutics Feb 2020Clinical pharmacology is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses all components of the relationship between drugs and humans. All clinical pharmacology professionals... (Review)
Review
Clinical pharmacology is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses all components of the relationship between drugs and humans. All clinical pharmacology professionals aim to support an improved quality of drug-oriented health services by providing teaching, research, and routine health care services that ensure more tolerable and more effective, suitable, and cost-effective use of drugs. Subsections of clinical pharmacology include clinical trials, pharmacoepidemiology and drug use, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, the rational use of medicines, pharmacotherapy consultation, drug monitoring, counseling to authorities and industry, pharmacogenetics, and other practices. By approaching these subsections as part of 3 main aspects of clinical pharmacology-education, research, and health care-this review aims to provide local and international practitioners with detailed information about clinical pharmacology practices in Turkey and to contribute to building the network of communication and collaboration. This review also aims to play an encouraging and pioneering role for Turkey's national community and other countries that have not yet made clinical pharmacology functional in improving the quality of health services, promoting the dissemination of rational use of medicines, helping the set-up of clinical pharmacology organizations, enhancing quantity and quality of the clinical pharmacology workforce, and increasing the infrastructural facilities.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; History, 21st Century; Humans; Pharmacoepidemiology; Pharmacology, Clinical; Pharmacovigilance; Turkey
PubMed: 31955969
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.12.014 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Sep 2022
Topics: Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Pharmacology, Clinical
PubMed: 35989454
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2710