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Theranostics 2018Black phosphorus (BP), also known as phosphorene, has attracted recent scientific attention since its first successful exfoliation in 2014 owing to its unique structure... (Review)
Review
Black phosphorus (BP), also known as phosphorene, has attracted recent scientific attention since its first successful exfoliation in 2014 owing to its unique structure and properties. In particular, its exceptional attributes, such as the excellent optical and mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and electron-transfer capacity, contribute to its increasing demand as an alternative to graphene-based materials in biomedical applications. Although the outlook of this material seems promising, its practical applications are still highly challenging. In this review article, we discuss the unique properties of BP, which make it a potential platform for biomedical applications compared to other 2D materials, including graphene, molybdenum disulphide (MoS), tungsten diselenide (WSe) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). We then introduce various synthesis methods of BP and review its latest progress in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, drug delivery, photoacoustic imaging and cancer therapies (i.e., photothermal and photodynamic therapies). Lastly, the existing challenges and future perspective of BP in biomedical applications are briefly discussed.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Biosensing Techniques; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Phosphorus; Photoacoustic Techniques; Phototherapy
PubMed: 29463996
DOI: 10.7150/thno.22573 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Aug 2017From biomaterials to imaging, and from drug delivery to drugs by themselves, phosphorus-containing dendrimers offer a large palette of biological properties, depending... (Review)
Review
From biomaterials to imaging, and from drug delivery to drugs by themselves, phosphorus-containing dendrimers offer a large palette of biological properties, depending essentially on their types of terminal functions. The most salient examples of phosphorus dendrimers used for the elaboration of bio-chips and of supports for cell cultures, for imaging biological events, and for carrying and delivering drugs or biomacromolecules are presented in this feature article. Several phosphorus dendrimers can be considered also as drugs per se (by themselves) in particular to fight against cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammation, both in vitro and in vivo. Toxicity assays are also reported.
Topics: Dendrimers; Humans; Inflammation; Molecular Structure; Nanomedicine; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Phosphorus
PubMed: 28745767
DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04949h -
Trends in Biotechnology Nov 2020The increasing use and associated loss of phosphorus to the environment pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Technology for phosphorus removal based on microbial aggregates... (Review)
Review
The increasing use and associated loss of phosphorus to the environment pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Technology for phosphorus removal based on microbial aggregates is a natural, ecologically widespread, and sustainable reclamation strategy. Two main processes dominate phosphorus removal by microbial aggregates: extra- and intra-cellular entrapment. Extracellular phosphorus entrapment relies on extracellular polymeric substances, while intracellular entrapment uses a wider variety of phosphorus-entrapping mechanisms. In microbial aggregates, microalgae-bacteria interactions, quorum sensing, and acclimation can enhance phosphorus removal. Based on these insights, we propose novel avenues for entrapping phosphorus using ecological and genetic engineering, manipulated interactions, and integrated processes to create phosphorus removal technology mediated by microbial aggregates.
Topics: Bacteria; Microalgae; Phosphorus; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 32307119
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.012 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2020Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient for all microalgal species, and the main form of uptake is orthophosphate (PO). In this chapter we present a colorimetric method for...
Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient for all microalgal species, and the main form of uptake is orthophosphate (PO). In this chapter we present a colorimetric method for determining the PO concentration and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) based on total phosphorus (TP) measurements. We also describe a method for determining particulate organic phosphorus (POP) based on the same principles.
Topics: Inorganic Chemicals; Organic Chemicals; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Solubility
PubMed: 29159727
DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_104 -
Chemosphere Mar 2018Phosphorus ore extraction for soil fertilization supports the demand of modern agriculture, but extractable resource limitations, due to scarcity, impose a P reuse and... (Review)
Review
Phosphorus ore extraction for soil fertilization supports the demand of modern agriculture, but extractable resource limitations, due to scarcity, impose a P reuse and recycling research agenda. Here we propose to integrate biochar production (pyrogenic carbon) with municipal and agricultural waste management systems, to recover and reuse phosphorous that would otherwise be lost from the ecological food web. A meta-analysis and available data on total P in biochar indicated that P-enriched feedstocks include animal manure, human excreta, and plant-biomass collected from P-polluted sites. Phosphorus in biochar could participate in P equilibriums in soils and is expected to supply P. The release, sorption and desorption of P by biochar will codetermine the potential of P replenishment by biochar and P loss from biochar-amended soils. Abiotic and biotic factors are expected to affect sorption/desorption of P between biochar and soil aggregates, and P acquisition by plants. Chemical extraction, using acid or alkaline solutions, is considered as a means for P retrieval from high P biochar, especially for biochar with high heavy metal contents. To bridge the gap between academia and practice, this paper proposes future development for phosphorus acclamation by pyrolysis: 1) identification of high-P bio-waste for pyrolysis; 2) retrieval of P by using biochar as soil amendment or by chemical leaching; 3) biochar modification by inorganic nutrients, P solubilizing microorganisms and other organic matter; and 4) compatible pyrolysis equipment fit to the current waste management context, such as households, and waste water treatment plants.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Charcoal; Environmental Pollution; Phosphorus; Recycling; Soil; Waste Management
PubMed: 29245134
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.035 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of... (Review)
Review
Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antibacterial agents. Recently, the use of phosphorus in antibacterial agents has been explored in quite an unprecedent manner. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the use of phosphorus-containing moieties (phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphonopeptides, phosphates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, and phosphoniums) in compounds with antibacterial effect, including their use as β-lactamase inhibitors and antibacterial disinfectants. We show that phosphorus-containing moieties can serve as novel pharmacophores, bioisosteres, and prodrugs to modify pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. We further discuss the mechanisms of action, biological activities, clinical use and highlight possible future prospects.
Topics: Phosphorus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Bacteria; Organophosphonates
PubMed: 37939493
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117512 -
Environmental Science & Technology Aug 2015The addition of iron is a convenient way for removing phosphorus from wastewater, but this is often considered to limit phosphorus recovery. Struvite precipitation is... (Review)
Review
The addition of iron is a convenient way for removing phosphorus from wastewater, but this is often considered to limit phosphorus recovery. Struvite precipitation is currently used to recover phosphorus, and this approach has attracted much interest. However, it requires the use of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). EBPR is not yet widely applied and the recovery potential is low. Other phosphorus recovery methods, including sludge application to agricultural land or recovering phosphorus from sludge ash, also have limitations. Energy-producing wastewater treatment plants increasingly rely on phosphorus removal using iron, but the problem (as in current processes) is the subsequent recovery of phosphorus from the iron. In contrast, phosphorus is efficiently mobilized from iron by natural processes in sediments and soils. Iron-phosphorus chemistry is diverse, and many parameters influence the binding and release of phosphorus, including redox conditions, pH, presence of organic substances, and particle morphology. We suggest that the current poor understanding of iron and phosphorus chemistry in wastewater systems is preventing processes being developed to recover phosphorus from iron-phosphorus rich wastes like municipal wastewater sludge. Parameters that affect phosphorus recovery are reviewed here, and methods are suggested for manipulating iron-phosphorus chemistry in wastewater treatment processes to allow phosphorus to be recovered.
Topics: Humic Substances; Iron; Phosphorus; Wastewater; Water Purification
PubMed: 25950504
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00150 -
Journal of Environmental Management Jul 2017Extracellular enzymes, primarily produced by microorganisms, affect ecosystem processes because of their essential roles in degradation, transformation and... (Review)
Review
Extracellular enzymes, primarily produced by microorganisms, affect ecosystem processes because of their essential roles in degradation, transformation and mineralization of organic matter. Extracellular enzymes involved in the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been widely investigated in many different ecosystems, and several enzymes have been recognized as key components in regulating C storage and nutrient cycling. In this review, it was the first time to summarize the specific extracellular enzymes related to C storage and nutrient cycling for better understanding the important role of microbial extracellular enzymes in biogeochemical cycling of ecosystems. Subsequently, ecoenzymatic stoichiometry - the relative ratio of extracellular enzyme, has been reviewed and further provided a new perspective for understanding biogeochemical cycling of ecosystems. Finally, the new insights of using microbial extracellular enzyme in indicating biogeochemical cycling and then protecting ecosystems have been suggested.
Topics: Bacteria; Carbon; Ecosystem; Nitrogen; Phosphorus
PubMed: 28419976
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.023 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023The review presents extensive data (from the works of the author and literature) on the structure of - and -chlorophosphorylated enamines and the related heterocycles... (Review)
Review
The review presents extensive data (from the works of the author and literature) on the structure of - and -chlorophosphorylated enamines and the related heterocycles obtained by multipulse multinuclear H, C, and P NMR spectroscopy. The use of phosphorus pentachloride as a phosphorylating agent for functional enamines enables the synthesis of various - and -phosphorylated products that are heterocyclized to form various promising nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing heterocyclic systems. P NMR spectroscopy is the most convenient, reliable and unambiguous method for the study and identification of organophosphorus compounds with different coordination numbers of the phosphorus atom, as well as for the determination of their - and -isomeric forms. An alteration of the coordination number of the phosphorus atom in the phosphorylated compounds from 3 to 6 leads to a drastic screening of the P nucleus from about +200 to -300 ppm. The unique structural features of nitrogen-phosphorus-containing heterocyclic compounds are discussed.
Topics: Phosphorus; Organophosphorus Compounds; Heterocyclic Compounds; Nitrogen; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 37298598
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119646 -
Nature Chemistry Aug 2022Phosphorus mononitride (PN) only has a fleeting existence on Earth, and molecular precursors for the release of this molecule under mild conditions in solution have...
Phosphorus mononitride (PN) only has a fleeting existence on Earth, and molecular precursors for the release of this molecule under mild conditions in solution have remained elusive. Here we report the synthesis of an anthracene-based precursor-an anthracene moiety featuring an azidophosphine bridge across its central ring-that dissociates into dinitrogen, anthracene and P≡N in solution with a first-order half-life of roughly 30 min at room temperature. Heated under reduced pressure, this azidophosphine-anthracene precursor decomposes in an explosive fashion at around 42 °C, as demonstrated in a molecular-beam mass spectrometry study. The precursor is also shown to serve as a PN transfer reagent in the synthesis of an Fe-NP coordination complex, through ligand exchange with its Fe-N counterpart. The terminal N-bonded complex was found to be energetically preferred, compared to its P-bonded linkage isomer, owing to a significant covalent Fe-pnictogen bond character and an associated less unfavourable Pauli repulsion in the metal-ligand interaction.
Topics: Anthracenes; Ligands; Metals; Models, Molecular; Phosphorus
PubMed: 35697930
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00958-5