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Journal of the Science of Food and... Apr 2018Binary functional monomers, allyl-β-cyclodextrin (allyl-β-CD) and methacrylic acid (MAA) or allyl-β-CD and acrylonitrile (AN), were exploited in a fabrication of...
BACKGROUND
Binary functional monomers, allyl-β-cyclodextrin (allyl-β-CD) and methacrylic acid (MAA) or allyl-β-CD and acrylonitrile (AN), were exploited in a fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective recognition and large enrichment of pirimicarb from aqueous media.
RESULTS
Special attention was paid to the computational simulation of the imprinting molecular and functional monomers. The morphological characteristics of MIPs made of allyl-β-CD and MAA (M-MAA) were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of binding capacity of MAA-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-MAA) demonstrated higher efficiency than that of AN-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-AN) when tested in binding specificity. Finally, M-MAA was chosen to run through molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) to analyse the spiked fresh leafy vegetables of pirimicarb.
CONCLUSION
The present proposed technique is a promising tool for the preparation of the receptors which could recognise pirimicarb pesticide in aqueous media. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Adsorption; Carbamates; Methacrylates; Molecular Imprinting; Pesticides; Polymers; Pyrimidines; Solid Phase Extraction; Water Pollutants, Chemical; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 28941229
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8690 -
Toxicology in Vitro : An International... Aug 2015In vitro effects of the carbamates pirimicarb and zineb and their formulations Aficida® (50% pirimicarb) and Azzurro® (70% zineb), respectively, were evaluated in...
In vitro effects of the carbamates pirimicarb and zineb and their formulations Aficida® (50% pirimicarb) and Azzurro® (70% zineb), respectively, were evaluated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Whereas the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus cytome assay was employed to test for genotoxicity, MTT, neutral red (NR), and apoptosis evaluation were used as tests for estimating cell viability and succinic dehydrogenase activity, respectively. Concentrations tested were 10-300 μg/ml for pirimicarb and Aficida®, and 1-50 μg/ml for zineb and Azzurro®. All compounds were able to increase the frequency of micronuclei. A marked reduction in the nuclear division index was observed after treatment with 5 μg/ml of zineb and Azzurro® and 10 μg/ml of Azzurro®. Alterations in the cellular morphology not allowing the recognition of binucleated cells exposed to 300 μg/ml pirimicarb and Aficida® as well as 10-50 μg/ml zineb and Azzurro®. All four compounds induced inhibition of both cell viability and succinic dehydrogenase activity and trigger apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells, at least when exposed for 24 h. The data herein demonstrate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by these carbamates and reveal the potential risk factor of these pesticides, still extensively used worldwide, for both human health and the environment.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; CHO Cells; Carbamates; Cell Survival; Cricetulus; Insecticides; Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagens; Pyrimidines; Zineb
PubMed: 25820133
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.011 -
Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) Sep 2017Decreased birth weight is a common effect of many pesticides in reproductive toxicity studies, but there are no empirical data on how pesticides act in combination on...
Decreased birth weight is a common effect of many pesticides in reproductive toxicity studies, but there are no empirical data on how pesticides act in combination on this endpoint. We hypothesized that a mixture of six pesticides (cyromazine, MCPB, pirimicarb, quinoclamine, thiram, and ziram) would decrease birth weight, and that these mixture effects could be predicted by the Dose Addition model. Data for the predictions were obtained from the Draft Assessment Reports of the individual pesticides. A mixture of equi-effective doses of these pesticides was tested in two studies in Wistar rats, showing mixture effects in good agreement with the additivity predictions. Significantly lower birth weights were observed when compounds were present at individual doses below their no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs). These results emphasize the need for cumulative risk assessment of pesticides to avoid potentially serious impact of mixed exposure on prenatal development and pregnancy in humans.
Topics: Animals; Birth Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Female; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Models, Biological; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Pesticides; Pregnancy; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 28526456
DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.004 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Aug 2014Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are highly toxic to humans and their residues in food pose potential...
Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are highly toxic to humans and their residues in food pose potential threat to human health. In this study, we investigated the effect of subchronic low-level exposure of OPs (dichlorvos, DDVP; malathion, MAL), CM pirimicarb (PI), or their mixtures (DDVP+MAL, DDVP+PI) on mice liver. Metabonomic analysis based on (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was carried out in combination with biochemical assays. Serum metabonomic analysis showed that levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, lactate, acetone, very low- and low-density lipoprotein and 3-hydroxybutyrate changed after exposure to the pesticides. In the liver extracts, lactate, glucose, choline, glutathione, alanine, glutamine and isoleucine levels changed after the treatment by pesticides. Our results indicated that exposure to low dose DDVP, MAL and PI, either alone or in combination lead to alteration of liver glucose, fat and protein metabolism, energy metabolism and oxidative balance. This study also showed that metabonomics is of potential use in food toxicity study.
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dichlorvos; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Malathion; Male; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Pyrimidines; Superoxide Dismutase; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
PubMed: 24907623
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.027 -
Pest Management Science Dec 2016We used molecular assays to diagnose resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in samples of Myzus persicae from field crops or an insect suction trap in Tunisia....
Genetic variation in target-site resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in Tunisian populations of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
BACKGROUND
We used molecular assays to diagnose resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in samples of Myzus persicae from field crops or an insect suction trap in Tunisia. Genotypes for resistance loci were related to ones for polymorphic microsatellite loci in order to investigate breeding systems and patterns of genetic diversity, and to inform resistance management tactics.
RESULTS
The kdr mutation L1014F conferring pyrethroid resistance was found in all samples. The M918T s-kdr mutation also occurred in most samples, but only in conjunction with kdr. We discovered a previously unreported genotype heterozygous for L1014F but homozygous for M918T. Samples with modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) conferring resistance to pirimicarb were less common but widespread. 16% of samples contained both the kdr and MACE mutations. Many unique microsatellite genotypes were found, suggesting that M. persicae is holocyclic in Tunisia. There were no consistent associations between resistance and microsatellite markers.
CONCLUSION
This first study of insecticide resistance in M. persicae in North Africa showed genetic variation in insecticide resistance within microsatellite multilocus genotypes (MLG s) and the same resistance mechanisms to be present in different MLG s. This contrasts with variation in northern Europe where M. persicae is fully anholocyclic. Implications for selection and control strategies are discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Aphids; Carbamates; Gene Frequency; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Microsatellite Repeats; Mutation; Prunus persica; Pyrethrins; Pyrimidines; Solanum tuberosum; Tunisia
PubMed: 26990432
DOI: 10.1002/ps.4276 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jul 2021This work is the first-ever study of the concurrence of four insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam) and their main transformation...
Photocatalytic degradation of four insecticides and their main generated transformation products in soil and pepper crop irrigated with reclaimed agro-wastewater under natural sunlight.
This work is the first-ever study of the concurrence of four insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam) and their main transformation products (TPs) in soil and pepper crop irrigated with reclaimed and non-reclaimed water under agricultural field conditions. Field experiments were conducted using different irrigation supplies: control water (CW), wastewater polluted with phytosanitary commercial products containing the studied insecticides (WW) and reclaimed wastewater after a photocatalytic processing with TiO/NaSO at pilot plant under sunlight (RWW). Photocatalytic treatments removed most of the insecticides and their TPs generated during the photoperiod. Neither target insecticides nor their TPs were detected in pepper samples when CW and RWW were used as irrigation source, whereas the four insecticides and two TPs were detected when WW was used. In the experiment carried out with WW, all insecticides and eight TPs were detected in soil samples. The impact of using reclaimed water on the quality of pepper crop was also assessed, showing barely any significant difference.
Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Insecticides; Soil; Sunlight; Vegetables; Wastewater
PubMed: 34030427
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125603 -
Journal of Mass Spectrometry : JMS Feb 2020Detection of pesticide residues in food samples is important for safeguarding food quality and safety. Conventional approaches for detection of pesticides in food...
Detection of pesticide residues in food samples is important for safeguarding food quality and safety. Conventional approaches for detection of pesticides in food samples typically involve labour-intensive and time-consuming sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. In this study, solid phase micro-extraction fibres were used to rapidly extract and enrich pesticides in honey, a popular agricultural product with complex matrix, and then directly coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Three pesticides, ie, atrazine, benalaxyl, and pirimicarb, were investigated using the technique and their analytical performances were evaluated. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of all the three pesticides could fulfil the cut-off values of the international standard. Linear calibration curves were constructed with good R coefficients, and the accuracy and precision were in acceptable ranges for all the pesticides. The analysis time is much reduced, with only minimum sample preparation and no chromatographic separation involved. The technique is simple and easy to set up, and can be extended for analysis of other analytes and sample systems.
Topics: Honey; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Pesticide Residues; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Microextraction; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 31183930
DOI: 10.1002/jms.4380 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2021The presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater is a significant concern from the perspective of public health and drinking...
The presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater is a significant concern from the perspective of public health and drinking water treatment plant operation. This study investigated the N-nitrosamines concentration and their precursors' distributions, and DOM composition in four reservoirs located in a southern city of China. A total of 22 renowned precursors were identified. Precursors from industrial and pharmaceutical origins were found to be dominant in all reservoirs; however, traces of pesticide-based precursors, i.e. pirimicarb and cycluron were also found. The distribution of nine N-nitrosamines was substantially different among the reservoirs. N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were abundantly present in all reservoirs. Most of N-nitrosamines except NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were far below the generally accepted cancer risk of 10, and NDMA/NDEA were found close to the risk level (10). Anthropogenic DOM was dominant in three reservoirs as depicted by a higher biological index (BIX) than the humification index (HIX). By the principle component analysis, BIX appeared as an indicator of N-nitrosamines (except NDEA and NPIP). A strong and direct relationship was observed between the NDMA-formation potential (FP) and concentration of total N-nitrosamines (∑NA), and BIX. These results confirmed that the anthropogenic activities were the leading source of DOM and N-nitrosamines in this city based on land-use.
PubMed: 33548708
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145409 -
Environmental Toxicology Apr 2024We performed multigenerational tests to clarify the chemical tolerance mechanisms of a nontarget aquatic organism, Daphnia magna. We continuously exposed D. magna to a...
We performed multigenerational tests to clarify the chemical tolerance mechanisms of a nontarget aquatic organism, Daphnia magna. We continuously exposed D. magna to a carbamate insecticide (pirimicarb) at lethal or sublethal concentrations (0, 3.8, 7.5, and 15 μg/L) for 15 generations (F0-F14). We then determined the 48 h-EC values and mRNA expression levels of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)-binding cassette transporter (ABCt) in neonates (<24 h old) from F0, F4, F9, and F14. To ascertain the effects of DNA methylation on pirimicarb sensitivity, we measured 5-methylcytosine levels (DNA methylation levels) in neonates of parents in the last generation (F14). In addition, we cultured groups exposed to 0 and 7.5 μg/L (the latter of which acquired chemical tolerance to pirimicarb) with or without 5-azacytidine (de-methylating agent) and determined methylation levels and 48 h-EC values in neonates (<24 h old) from the treated parents. The EC values (30.3-31.6 μg/L) in F14 of the 7.5 and 15 μg/L groups were approximately two times higher than that in the control (16.0 μg/L). A linear mixed model analysis showed that EC and ABCt mRNA levels were significantly increased with generational alterations; further analysis showed that the ABCt mRNA level was positively related to the EC . Therefore, ABCt may be associated with altered pirimicarb sensitivity. In addition, the EC value and DNA methylation levels in pirimicarb-tolerant clones decreased after exposure to 5-azacytidine, suggesting that DNA methylation contributes to chemical tolerance. These findings improved our knowledge regarding the acquisition of chemical tolerance in aquatic organisms.
Topics: Animals; Cladocera; Daphnia magna; Daphnia; Acetylcholinesterase; DNA Methylation; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Aquatic Organisms; Azacitidine; RNA, Messenger; Carbamates; Pyrimidines
PubMed: 38073494
DOI: 10.1002/tox.24077 -
Food Chemistry Apr 2015QuEChERS method was applied and validated for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in eggs and egg products. The method includes extraction with buffered...
QuEChERS method was applied and validated for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in eggs and egg products. The method includes extraction with buffered acetonitrile and clean-up with dispersive sorbents, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The validation parameters were used based on the guideline of SANCO/12495/2011. Recoveries were within the range of 71-108%, and the relative standard deviations were 2-13% at the 3 different concentrations evaluated for eggs and egg products. The limits of quantification for the target compounds ranged from 0.3 to 6 ng/g. Monitoring of 100 domestic eggs and 50 imported egg products were performed to verify the adaptability in real samples. No samples contained residues exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL). Carbendazim, dimethoate, and pirimicarb were each found in egg yolks at the level of 2 ng/g, in the same sample, well below their MRLs of 50-100 ng/g.
Topics: Acetonitriles; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Chromatography, Liquid; Eggs; Food Analysis; Limit of Detection; Pesticide Residues; Pyrimidines; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 25466149
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.143