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Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Carbamate pesticides are a risk to human well-being, and pirimicarb is the most widely employed carbamate insecticide. This ongoing investigation aimed to reveal its...
Carbamate pesticides are a risk to human well-being, and pirimicarb is the most widely employed carbamate insecticide. This ongoing investigation aimed to reveal its toxicity on neurobehavioral and reproductive function. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats by assessment of behavioral changes via experiments, such as the forced swim test and the elevated plus maze; determination of oxidative stress (checking parameters such as catalase activity, etc.); measurement of cortisol and testosterone serum titers, and IL-1β levels in the plasma and brain; and evaluation of histopathological lesions that induced pirimicarb after 28 days of gavage, specifically in the brain and testis. Traces of pirimicarb were analyzed in tissue extracts using LCMS/MS. At the same time, the beneficial and protective effect of EamCE ( monjauzeana Crude Extract) were tested. The outcomes showed considerable anxiety and depressive status, with an evident increase in cortisol and IL-1β titers and an important decrease in oxidative enzymes and testosterone. Significant histological lesions were also recorded. In addition, the LCMS/MS analysis affirmed the accumulation of pirimicarb in organ tissue from rats force-fed with pirimicarb. Conversely, EamCE demonstrated outstanding potential as a preventive treatment, restoring cognitive and physical performance, boosting fertility, enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and preserving tissue integrity. We concluded that pirimicarb has critical deleterious impacts on health, affecting the neuroimmune-endocrine axis, and EamCE has a general euphoric and preventive effect.
PubMed: 36986501
DOI: 10.3390/ph16030402 -
PloS One 2015The wheat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), are key pests on wheat crops worldwide. Management practices rely primarily on...
The wheat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), are key pests on wheat crops worldwide. Management practices rely primarily on insecticides. The pirimicarb (carbamate) is used extensively as an effective insecticide to control these two aphids. In addition to the mortality caused by pirimicarb, various sublethal effects may occur in aphids when exposed to low lethal or sublethal doses. Understanding the general effect of pirimicarb on aphids could help increasing rational use of this insecticide. Under laboratory conditions, we assessed the sublethal effects of a low lethal concentration of pirimicarb (LC25) on biological traits and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of R. padi and S. avenae. Both direct and transgenerational effects, i.e. on parent and the F1 generations were assessed, respectively. We found that R. padi and S. avenae responded differentially to the LC25 of pirimicarb. The parent generation of R. padi showed a 39% decrease in fecundity and multiple transgenerational effects were observed in the F1 generation; overall juvenile development, reproductive period, adult longevity and lifespan were longer than those of the control group. By contrast, LC25 of pirimicarb showed almost no effects on S. avenae biological traits in both the parent and F1 generations; only the pre-reproductive duration was reduced in F1 generations. Demographic parameter estimates (e.g. rm) showed similar trend, i.e. significant negative effect on R. padi population growth and no effect on S. avenae. However, AChE activity decreased in both R. padi and S. avenae treated by the LC25 of pirimicarb. We demonstrated sublethal and transgenerational effects of pirimicarb in the two wheat aphid species; it hinted at the importance of considering sublethal effects (including hormesis) of pirimicarb for optimizing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of wheat aphids.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Aphids; Carbamates; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Fertility; Longevity; Male; Pyrimidines; Triticum
PubMed: 26121265
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128936 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Feb 2023On 26 August 2022, the European Commission asked EFSA to provide scientific and technical assistance according to Article 21(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009...
On 26 August 2022, the European Commission asked EFSA to provide scientific and technical assistance according to Article 21(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 concerning the review of the approval of the active substance pirimicarb and to deliver a statement on whether the applicable approval criteria may still be considered fulfilled, taking into consideration the information submitted by the applicant and the assessment of the rapporteur Member State, Sweden and, where applicable, the results of a discussion with experts from Member States. The current statement contains a summary of the main findings of the assessment of the risks to consumers from the exposure to metabolites of pirimicarb through dietary intake, the risks to human health through non-dietary exposure and the acute risk to birds from the representative uses of pirimicarb assessed for the first approval and additionally, from the representative uses as submitted as part of the renewal of approval. Concerns are reported where identified.
PubMed: 36818643
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7807 -
The Science of the Total Environment Feb 2022Greenhouse and other covered cultivation systems have increased globally over the past several decades, leading to considerably improved product quality and productivity...
Greenhouse and other covered cultivation systems have increased globally over the past several decades, leading to considerably improved product quality and productivity per land area unit. However, there is a paucity in information regarding the environmental impacts of covered production systems, especially regarding pesticides entering the surrounding environment. Aiming to address this knowledge gap, we collected grab samples downstream of greenhouses from seven Swedish streams every 14 days during a 12 month period. In three of the streams, samples were also taken upstream of the greenhouses and in four of the streams time-integrated samples were collected by TIMFIE samplers in the period between grab sampling occasions. The samples were analyzed for 28 substances (27 that were permitted for use in greenhouse production systems in Sweden and one degradation product to a permitted substance). Pesticide use journals were collected from the greenhouse producers for the 12 month period. The results were examined for indications of greenhouse contributions to detection frequencies, maximum and average concentrations, and potential ecotoxicicity in several ways: (1) comparing locations downstream of greenhouses with registered use of a substance with those without registered use, (2) comparing results from this study with those from the Swedish environmental monitoring program of pesticides in surface water from catchments with no greenhouses from the same period and region, (3) comparing concentration trends with registered pesticide application times in the greenhouses, and (4) comparing up- and downstream concentrations. The results strongly suggest that greenhouse applications do contribute to pesticide occurrences, maximum and median concentrations for most of the pesticides included in this study, and to potential toxicity to aquatic organisms for several of them, most notably imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, and pirimicarb.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Sweden; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34890678
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152215 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2022Dynamics of pesticides decomposition in sweet cherry fruits at different technologies of long-term storage, ultra-low oxygen and modified atmosphere packing, and after...
Dynamics of pesticides decomposition in sweet cherry fruits at different technologies of long-term storage, ultra-low oxygen and modified atmosphere packing, and after post-harvesting application of 1-methylcyclopropen and ozone has been studied. We assumed that type of pesticide and fruit storage conditions may have a profound effect on pesticide residues content. Therefore, levels of residues after applying combinations of active ingredients including acetamiprid, boscalid, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, fenpyrazamine, fludioxonil, fluopyram, pyraclostrobin, pirimicarb, tebuconazole, thiacloprid, and trifloxystrobin were monitored. We found these contents below tolerated maximum residue limits when applied at recommended times and depended on period prior to withdrawal. Low contents of acetamiprid, boscalid, fenpyrazamine, thiacloprid, pirimicarb, and fludioxonil were found when fruit were stored in modified atmosphere packages. Ozone affected degradation of tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, and cyprodinil. However, differences between storage regimens were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). Kinetic of degradation was studied with fruits stored after treatment with 1-methylcyclopropen and ozone.
PubMed: 35499021
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100185 -
Scientific Reports May 2024In this study, a sensitive and selective fluorescent chemosensor was developed for the determination of pirimicarb pesticide by adopting the surface molecular imprinting...
In this study, a sensitive and selective fluorescent chemosensor was developed for the determination of pirimicarb pesticide by adopting the surface molecular imprinting approach. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanocomposite was prepared using pirimicarb as the template molecule, CuFeO nanoparticles, and graphene quantum dots as a fluorophore (MIP-CuFeO/GQDs). It was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The response surface methodology (RSM) was also employed to optimize and estimate the effective parameters of pirimicarb adsorption by this polymer. According to the experimental results, the average particle size and imprinting factor (IF) of this polymer are 53.61 nm and 2.48, respectively. Moreover, this polymer has an excellent ability to adsorb pirimicarb with a removal percentage of 99.92 at pH = 7.54, initial pirimicarb concentration = 10.17 mg/L, polymer dosage = 840 mg/L, and contact time = 6.15 min. The detection of pirimicarb was performed by fluorescence spectroscopy at a concentration range of 0-50 mg/L, and a sensitivity of 15.808 a.u/mg and a limit of detection of 1.79 mg/L were obtained. Real samples with RSD less than 2 were measured using this chemosensor. Besides, the proposed chemosensor demonstrated remarkable selectivity by checking some other insecticides with similar and different molecular structures to pirimicarb, such as diazinon, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos.
Topics: Pesticides; Carbamates; Quantum Dots; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers; Polymers; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Graphite; Molecular Imprinting; Adsorption; Limit of Detection; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Nanocomposites; Pyrimidines
PubMed: 38704412
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60748-6 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Jun 2022The indiscriminate utilization of agrochemicals causes environmental and animal life impacts. In this regard, methodologies have been developed to offer efficiency and...
UNLABELLED
The indiscriminate utilization of agrochemicals causes environmental and animal life impacts. In this regard, methodologies have been developed to offer efficiency and quickness for agrochemicals detection. Due to their selectivity and molecular recognition sites, Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIPs) have been widely employed in some areas, including biotechnology, waste analyses, foodstuff, biological fluids, and others. This work proposed developing a method to determine aminocarb, pirimicarb, dimethoate, omethoate, pyridaphenthion, and fenitrothion pesticides using molecularly imprinted polymer combined with solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) for clean-up and paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for their analysis. Extractions analysis for Aminocarb, Pirimicarb, and Omethoate using MIP-SPE showed better performance when compared with MIP and NIP. The values were found with > 0.98 for all pesticides, and LODs and LOQs values were 50 and 100 µg kg, respectively. The precision and accuracy were assessed at three concentration levels-low, medium, and high. The precision values (interday and intraday) were below 10%, and the variation of recovery was between 80 and 120% for all pesticides. Therefore, it was possible to verify the presence of two carbamates and five organophosphorus without the necessity of preconcentration samples with precision and good recovery.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05464-7.
PubMed: 35602426
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05464-7 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jul 2010In the title compound, C(11)H(18)N(4)O(2) (systematic name: 2-dimethyl-amino-5,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl N,N-dimethyl-carb-amate), the pyrimidine ring and dimethyl-amino...
In the title compound, C(11)H(18)N(4)O(2) (systematic name: 2-dimethyl-amino-5,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl N,N-dimethyl-carb-amate), the pyrimidine ring and dimethyl-amino group are almost in the same plane, making a dihedral angle of 1.6 (1)°. The dihedral angle between the mean plane of the pyrimidine ring and that of the dimethyl-carbamate group is 83.42 (5)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds contribute to the stabilization of the packing.
PubMed: 21588312
DOI: 10.1107/S160053681002684X -
Polymers Jan 2023An electrochemical sensor for the pesticide Pirimicarb (PMC) has been developed. A screen-printed electrode (SPCE) was used and modified with the conducting polymer poly...
An electrochemical sensor for the pesticide Pirimicarb (PMC) has been developed. A screen-printed electrode (SPCE) was used and modified with the conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance electrochemical proprieties. Electrode characterizations were performed using scattering electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). With the SPCE/PEDOT:PSS/AuNPs modified electrode, a new peak at 1.0 V appeared in the presence of PMC related to the PMC oxidation. To elucidate the mechanism of PMC oxidation, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), where two major peaks were identified, evidencing that the device can both detect and degrade PMC by an electro-oxidation process. Exploring this peak signal, it was possible the sensor development, performing detection from 93.81-750 µmol L, limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of 93.91 µmol L and 28.34 µmol L, respectively. Thus, it was possible to study and optimization of PMC degradation, moreover, to perform detection at low concentrations and with good selectivity against different interferents using a low-cost printed electrode based on graphite modified with conductive polymer and AuNPs.
PubMed: 36772040
DOI: 10.3390/polym15030739