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Chemistry, An Asian Journal Jan 2023Polypropylene (PP) is among the most widely used commodity plastics in our everyday life due to its low cost, lightweight, easy processability, and exceptional chemical,... (Review)
Review
Polypropylene (PP) is among the most widely used commodity plastics in our everyday life due to its low cost, lightweight, easy processability, and exceptional chemical, thermo-mechanical characteristics. The growing awareness on energy and environmental crisis has driven global efforts for creating a circular economy via developing sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics produced from fossil fuels for a variety of end-use applications. This review paper presents a brief outline of the emerging bio-based PP derived from renewable natural resources, covering its production routes, market analysis and potential utilizations. This contribution also provides a comprehensive review of the PP-based biocomposites produced with diverse green fillers generated from agro-industrial wastes, with particular emphasis on the structural modification, processing techniques, mechanical properties, and practical applications. Furthermore, given that the majority of PP products are currently destined for landfills, research progress on enhancing the degradation of PP and its biocomposites is also presented in light of the environmental concerns. Finally, a brief conclusion with discussions on challenges and future perspectives are provided.
Topics: Polypropylenes; Plastics; Fossil Fuels
PubMed: 36461701
DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200972 -
Irish Journal of Medical Science Nov 2019Increasing awareness and regulatory body attention is directed towards the insertion of synthetic material for a variety of surgical procedures. This review aims to... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Increasing awareness and regulatory body attention is directed towards the insertion of synthetic material for a variety of surgical procedures. This review aims to assess current evidence regarding systemic and auto-immune effects of polypropylene mesh insertion in hernia repair.
METHODS
The electronic literature on systemic and auto-immune effects associated with mesh insertion was examined.
RESULTS
Foreign body reaction following mesh implantation initiates an acute inflammatory cellular response. Involved markers such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and fibrinogen are increased in circulation in the presence of mesh but return to normal at 7 days post operatively. Oxidative degradation of implanted mesh is likely, but no evidence exists to support systemic absorption or resulting disease effects. Variable cytokine production in healthy hosts leading to unpredictable or overwhelming response to implanted biomaterial warrants further investigation. Clinical studies show no associated long-term systemic effects with mesh.
CONCLUSION
To date, there remains no evidence to link polypropylene mesh and systemic or auto-immune symptoms. Based on current evidence, the use of polypropylene mesh is supported.
Topics: Biomarkers; Foreign-Body Reaction; Hernia, Inguinal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Inflammation; Polypropylenes; Prostheses and Implants; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 30915679
DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-02008-5 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Jul 2022Polyolefins represent the largest class of commodity materials due to their excellent material properties; however, they have limited pathways to chemical recycling and...
Polyolefins represent the largest class of commodity materials due to their excellent material properties; however, they have limited pathways to chemical recycling and are often difficult to mechanically recycle. Here we demonstrate a new catalyst for the isoselective copolymerization of propylene and butadiene capable of favoring 1,4-insertion over 1,2-insertion while maintaining good molecular weights and turnover frequencies. This isotactic propylene copolymer with main-chain unsaturation was depolymerized to a telechelic macromonomer using an olefin metathesis catalyst and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. After hydrogenation, the telechelic macromonomer was repolymerized to form an ester-linked polypropylene material. This polymer shows thermal and mechanical properties comparable to linear low-density polyethylene. Finally, the telechelic macromonomer could be regenerated through the depolymerization of the ester-linked polypropylene material, which allows for the chemical recycling to macromonomer. This process provides a route to transform partially unsaturated polyolefins to chemically recyclable materials with similar properties to their parent polymers.
Topics: Esters; Molecular Weight; Polymerization; Polymers; Polypropylenes
PubMed: 35793702
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04499 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Sep 2023Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants, and there are only limited studies reporting the impacts of some MPs on liver lipid metabolism in animals. In this study,...
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants, and there are only limited studies reporting the impacts of some MPs on liver lipid metabolism in animals. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of polypropylene-MPs in mouse liver and unraveled the change in lipid metabolic profiles by both lipidomics and Raman spectroscopy. Polypropylene-MP exposure did not cause obvious health symptoms, but hematoxylin-eosin staining showed pathological changes that polypropylene-MPs induced lipid droplet accumulation in liver. Lipidomics results showed a significant change in lipid metabolic profiles and the most influenced categories were triglycerides, fatty acids, free fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine, implying the effects of polypropylene-MPs on the hemostasis of lipid droplet biogenesis and catabolism. Most altered lipids contained unsaturated bonds and polyunsaturated phospholipids, possibly affecting the fluidity and curvature of membrane surfaces. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the major spectral alterations of liver tissues were related to lipids, evidencing the altered lipid metabolism and cell membrane components in the presence of polypropylene-MPs. Our findings firstly disclosed the impacts of polypropylene-MPs on lipid metabolisms in mouse liver and hinted at their detrimental disturbance on membrane properties, cellular lipid storage and oxidation regulation, helping our deeper understanding on the toxicities and corresponding risks of polypropylene-MPs to mammals.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Microplastics; Plastics; Polypropylenes; Lipidomics; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Liver; Fatty Acids; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Mammals
PubMed: 37356177
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131918 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022An optimized mixture of polydopamine (PDA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is employed as the surface functionalizing agent and reducing agent to encapsulate individual...
An optimized mixture of polydopamine (PDA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is employed as the surface functionalizing agent and reducing agent to encapsulate individual polypropylene (PP) fibers of polypropylene micromembrane (PPMM). The functionalized PPMM becomes hydrophilic to allow the formation of Au nuclei for subsequent electroless Au deposition. The metalized PPMM is further deposited with IrO nanoparticles, and evaluated as a flexible and porous pH sensor. Images from scanning electron microscope confirms the uniform formation of IrO nanoparticles on Au-coated PP fibers. For pH-sensing performance, the IrO-decorated metalized PPMM reveals a super-Nernstian response for a sensing slope of -74.45 mV/pH in aqueous solutions with pH value ranging between 2 and 12. In addition, the pH-sensing performance is properly maintained after 5000 bending cycles and hysteresis is modest in an acidic environment. The cell viability test indicates a negligible bio-toxicity. Our strategy of using a conductive polymeric membrane decorated with IrO nanoparticles enables possible sensing applications in wearable and implantable electronics.
Topics: Electronics; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nanoparticles; Polypropylenes; Polyvinyl Alcohol
PubMed: 35810194
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15961-6 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Jul 2022Published results of studies on poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers indicate their potential use in the treatment of brain cancer or neurodegenerative diseases due to...
Published results of studies on poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers indicate their potential use in the treatment of brain cancer or neurodegenerative diseases due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, depending on dose, neurotoxicity may occur. Here, we discuss the impact of maltotriose modified PPI dendrimers on rat's nervous system. Wistar rats were treated intravenously for 14 consecutive days with densely (dense-shell; DS) and partly (open-shell; OS) modified PPI dendrimers at doses established as safe in the previous experiment following a single DS or OS administration. The examination included an estimation of the motility and the clinical symptoms of the respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Both DS and OS glycodendrimers (GDs) induced adverse effects at the doses tested. Multiple administrations of PPI-OS had a detrimental influence on rats' survival. These findings suggest that the dendrimers adversely influence the nervous system and their toxic effects accumulate over time. In PPI-DS treated animals, the harmful effects were less severe but still present. However, with each treatment day, the clinical symptoms in both groups were less severe as if the animals developed tolerance to GDs. We hypothesize that the neurotoxicity of tested dendrimers is related to nanoparticles-induced autophagy.
Topics: Animals; Dendrimers; Polypropylenes; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33187456
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1843472 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Oct 2023Microplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid coexist in the aquatic environment. Duckweed was exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-1000 μg L) of solutions containing...
Microplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid coexist in the aquatic environment. Duckweed was exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-1000 μg L) of solutions containing polypropylene (PP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 14 days to measure their toxicity. The result showed the single and combined PP and PFOA treatments did not significantly influence the growth of duckweed. The greatest PP and PFOA concentrations of combined pollution affect plant chlorophyll. Moreover, the combined treatment of duckweed consistently resulted in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative damage. As an antioxidant stress response, the combination-treated plants were encouraged to produce superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Meanwhile, 3519 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in the duckweed rhizosphere. Proteobacteria was the most predominant microbial community. Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 discovered that microbial communities changed in response to single and combination PP and PFOA treatments, with decreased diversity and increased abundance. In addition, SEM analysis also revealed that the combined treatment significantly phyllosphere microorganisms. The findings of this investigation add to our knowledge of how PP and PFOA affect duckweed and the rhizospheric microorganisms, expanding the theoretical basis for employing duckweed in complex contamination.
Topics: Polypropylenes; Plastics; Antioxidants; Araceae
PubMed: 37752396
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30006-9 -
International Urogynecology Journal May 2017Polypropylene (PP) mesh has come under increased scrutiny owing to previous FDA safety communications regarding the risks of mesh in trans-vaginal surgery and ensuing... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Polypropylene (PP) mesh has come under increased scrutiny owing to previous FDA safety communications regarding the risks of mesh in trans-vaginal surgery and ensuing class action litigation for post-operative complications. Additional concerns have been raised regarding a possible link between implanted PP mesh and the long-term development of malignancy. Until recently, no research was specifically committed to the exploration of such a link. Our objective was to provide an overview of the recent literature focusing on any association between the use of PP mesh for midurethral sling procedures and the development of malignancy.
METHODS
Multiple online research databases were searched for information related to any possible carcinogenic potential of PP mesh.
RESULTS
There was no increased incidence in the development of malignancy after midurethral sling procedures using PP mesh in any of the studies.
CONCLUSION
Given the scarcity of evidence suggesting otherwise, the likelihood of PP mesh causing malignancy is exceptionally low. However, with few studies and an unknown latency period between exposure and diagnosis, more observational data would prove useful to exclude causality.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Polypropylenes; Suburethral Slings; Surgical Mesh; Vagina
PubMed: 27738738
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-016-3170-x -
Environmental Science & Technology May 2023Discarded plastics and microplastics (MPs) in the environment are considered emerging contaminants and indicators of the Anthropocene epoch. This study reports the...
Discarded plastics and microplastics (MPs) in the environment are considered emerging contaminants and indicators of the Anthropocene epoch. This study reports the discovery of a new type of plastic material in the environment─plastic-rock complexes─formed when plastic debris irreversibly sorbs onto the parent rock after historical flooding events. These complexes consist of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or polypropylene (PP) films stuck onto quartz-dominated mineral matrices. These plastic-rock complexes serve as hotspots for MP generation, as evidenced by laboratory wet-dry cycling tests. Over 1.03 × 10 and 1.28 × 10 items·m MPs were generated in a zero-order mode from the LDPE- and PP-rock complexes, respectively, following 10 wet-dry cycles. The speed of MP generation was 4-5 orders of magnitude higher than that in landfills, 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in seawater, and >1 order of magnitude higher than that in marine sediment as compared with previously reported data. Results from this investigation provide strong direct evidence of anthropogenic waste entering geological cycles and inducing potential ecological risks that may be exacerbated by climate change conditions such as flooding events. Future research should evaluate this phenomenon regarding ecosystem fluxes, fate, and transport and impacts of plastic pollution.
Topics: Plastics; Microplastics; Polyethylene; Ecosystem; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Polypropylenes
PubMed: 37010423
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00662 -
The Journal of Surgical Research Jul 2022Barrier-coated meshes were designed to reduce adhesion formation between mesh and the surrounding viscera. There have been questions raised but little data to determine...
BACKGROUND
Barrier-coated meshes were designed to reduce adhesion formation between mesh and the surrounding viscera. There have been questions raised but little data to determine if rapidly absorbable coatings pose an increased risk of infection. The objective of this study was to determine if a difference exists in wound and mesh infection rates between coated and uncoated polypropylene mesh in patients undergoing open ventral hernia repair.
METHODS
A prospective, institutional database at a tertiary hernia center identified patients undergoing open preperitoneal ventral hernia repair (OPPVHR) with polypropylene mesh in CDC class 1 and 2 wounds. Using propensity score matching, an absorbable, coated and uncoated group were matched based on age, comorbidities, wound class, defect size, and mesh size.
RESULTS
There were 265 patients each in the matched coated and uncoated mesh groups for a total of 530 patients. Postoperative wound infections (10.9% versus 4.6%, P = 0.01) and need for IV antibiotics (10.5% versus 4.3%, P = 0.01) were significantly higher in the coated group. There was an increase in mesh infection for the coated group (3.4% versus 0.4%, P = 0.02), and of those developing a mesh infection, 60.0% eventually required mesh excision.
CONCLUSIONS
Coated mesh was associated with increased postoperative wound and mesh infection following OPPVHR. An uncoated mesh should be strongly considered when placed in an extraperitoneal location.
Topics: Abdominal Wall; Hernia, Ventral; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Polypropylenes; Prospective Studies; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 35220145
DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.01.027