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Particle and Fibre Toxicology Jan 2023Polypropylene (PP) is used in various products such as disposable containers, spoons, and automobile parts. The disposable masks used for COVID-19 prevention mainly...
BACKGROUND
Polypropylene (PP) is used in various products such as disposable containers, spoons, and automobile parts. The disposable masks used for COVID-19 prevention mainly comprise PP, and the disposal of such masks is concerning because of the potential environmental pollution. Recent reports have suggested that weathered PP microparticles can be inhaled, however, the inhalation toxicology of PP microparticles is poorly understood.
RESULTS
Inflammatory cell numbers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in PP-instilled mice (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) increased significantly compared to with those in the control. Histopathological analysis of the lung tissue of PP-stimulated mice revealed lung injuries, including the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the perivascular/parenchymal space, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and foamy macrophage aggregates. The in vitro study indicated that PP stimulation causes mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial depolarization and decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. PP stimulation led to cytotoxicity, ROS production, increase of inflammatory cytokines, and cell deaths in A549 cells. The results showed that PP stimulation increased the p-p38 and p-NF-κB protein levels both in vivo and in vitro, while p-ERK and p-JNK remained unchanged. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity that was induced by PP exposure was regulated by p38 and ROS inhibition in A549 cells.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that PP stimulation may contribute to inflammation pathogenesis via the p38 phosphorylation-mediated NF-κB pathway as a result of mitochondrial damage.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Cytokines; Inflammation; Microplastics; NF-kappa B; Pneumonia; Polypropylenes; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36624477
DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00512-8 -
European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy :... Mar 2020Opioid-free anaesthesia is a treatment strategy of pain management based on the use of drugs such as lidocaine, ketamine and dexmedetomidine that do not interact...
OBJECTIVES
Opioid-free anaesthesia is a treatment strategy of pain management based on the use of drugs such as lidocaine, ketamine and dexmedetomidine that do not interact significantly with opioid receptors. In particular, these drugs are used by anaesthesiologists to ensure adequate levels of analgesia during surgical procedures for burn patients such as daily wound dressings and graft surgeries. Furthermore, for hypothermia prevention and wound-healing purposes, ambient temperature must be kept high for these patients, usually between 27°C and 30°C. To facilitate the use of this technique, clinicians want to mix lidocaine and ketamine in the same syringe. No stability data is available to determine the feasibility of this admixture and at this temperature. The objective was to study the physicochemical stability of lidocaine 20 mg/mL with ketamine 2.5 mg/mL diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl) stored at 28°C in polypropylene syringe for 48 hours.
METHODS
Physical stability was evaluated by visual examination and by measuring turbidity with a spectrophotometer. Chemical stability was determined after preparation and after 6, 24 and 48 hours of conservation with a high performance liquid chromatography and pH measurements. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation Q2(R1) guidelines.
RESULTS
Both lidocaine (99.98%±1.44%) and ketamine (100.70%±0.95%) retained more than 95% of their initial concentration after 48 hours storage. pH measurements remained stable over the course of the study (less than 0.21 point of variation). No signs of physical instability were observed after visual and subvisual inspections.
CONCLUSIONS
The physicochemical stability of lidocaine 20 mg/mL and ketamine 2.5 mg/mL diluted with 0.9% NaCl in a polypropylene syringe stored at 28°C protected from light was demonstrated for 48 hours. This infusion technique is therefore feasible from a pharmaceutical point of view in burn-unit settings.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Ketamine; Lidocaine; Polypropylenes; Syringes
PubMed: 32296511
DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-001976 -
International Urogynecology Journal Feb 2017Polypropylene is a material that is commonly used to treat pelvic floor conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Owing to... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Polypropylene is a material that is commonly used to treat pelvic floor conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Owing to the nature of complications experienced by some patients implanted with either incontinence or prolapse meshes, the biocompatibility of polypropylene has recently been questioned. This literature review considers the in vivo response to polypropylene following implantation in animal models. The specific areas explored in this review are material selection, impact of anatomical location, and the structure, weight and size of polypropylene mesh types.
METHODS
All relevant abstracts from original articles investigating the host response of mesh in vivo were reviewed. Papers were obtained and categorised into various mesh material types: polypropylene, polypropylene composites, and other synthetic and biologically derived mesh.
RESULTS
Polypropylene mesh fared well in comparison with other material types in terms of host response. It was found that a lightweight, large-pore mesh is the most appropriate structure.
CONCLUSION
The evidence reviewed shows that polypropylene evokes a less inflammatory or similar host response when compared with other materials used in mesh devices.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Materials Testing; Models, Animal; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Polypropylenes; Surgical Mesh; Urinary Incontinence, Stress
PubMed: 27216918
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-016-3029-1 -
BioMed Research International 2020It is currently unknown whether an association exists between polypropylene mesh and urethral diverticulum formation following placement of polypropylene midurethral... (Review)
Review
AIMS
It is currently unknown whether an association exists between polypropylene mesh and urethral diverticulum formation following placement of polypropylene midurethral slings (MUS) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We aimed to examine the literature associating MUS with the occurrence of urethral diverticula.
METHODS
Multiple online research databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and the Cochrane Library, were searched, from January 2019 to February 2019, for evidence related to the occurrence of urethral diverticula following polypropylene MUS procedures.
RESULTS
Four case reports were published demonstrating the occurrence of urethral diverticula following the use of polypropylene mesh for surgical treatment of SUI. Subjects of these cases were menopausal and had an elevated body mass index (BMI), recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), autoimmune conditions, or prior pelvic floor surgeries. A thorough urologic workup, including imaging prior to sling placement, was not always performed.
CONCLUSION
No clear association exists between polypropylene MUS placement and subsequent urethral diverticulum formation. Factors that diminish polypropylene mesh biocompatibility include elevated BMI, menopause, recurrent UTIs, prior pelvic surgeries, and preexisting medical conditions. Symptoms associated with urethral diverticula should prompt a complete urologic workup prior to MUS placement.
Topics: Adult; Diverticulum; Humans; Middle Aged; Polypropylenes; Suburethral Slings; Surgical Mesh; Urethral Diseases; Urinary Incontinence, Stress
PubMed: 32462011
DOI: 10.1155/2020/6761581 -
Current Opinion in Obstetrics &... Oct 2016Polypropylene mesh has been widely used in the surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse. However, low but persistent rates of complications related to mesh, most... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Polypropylene mesh has been widely used in the surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse. However, low but persistent rates of complications related to mesh, most commonly mesh exposure and pain, have hampered its use. Complications are higher following transvaginal implantation prompting the Food and Drug Administration to release two public health notifications warning of complications associated with transvaginal mesh use (PHN 2008 and 2011) and to upclassify transvaginal prolapse meshes from Class II to Class III devices. Although there have been numerous studies to determine the incidence and management of mesh complications as well as impact on quality of life, few studies have focused on mechanisms.
RECENT FINDINGS
In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how mesh textile properties and mechanical behavior impact vaginal structure and function, as well as the local immune response. We also discuss how mesh properties change in response to loading.
SUMMARY
We highlight a few areas of current and future research to emphasize collaborative strategies that incorporate basic science research to improve patient outcomes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Polypropylenes; Prostheses and Implants; Quality of Life; Stress, Mechanical; Surgical Mesh; Textiles; Vagina
PubMed: 27517341
DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000313 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021Pluronic polymers (pluronics) are a unique class of synthetic triblock copolymers containing hydrophobic polypropylene oxide (PPO) and hydrophilic polyethylene oxide... (Review)
Review
Pluronic polymers (pluronics) are a unique class of synthetic triblock copolymers containing hydrophobic polypropylene oxide (PPO) and hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) arranged in the PEO-PPO-PEO manner. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and amphiphilic properties, pluronics are an ideal and promising biological material, which is widely used in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and treatment, among other applications. Through self-assembly or in combination with other materials, pluronics can form nano carriers with different morphologies, representing a kind of multifunctional pharmaceutical excipients. In recent years, the utilization of pluronic-based multi-functional drug carriers in tumor treatment has become widespread, and various responsive drug carriers are designed according to the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, resulting in major progress in tumor therapy. This review introduces the specific role of pluronic-based polymer drug delivery systems in tumor therapy, focusing on their physical and chemical properties as well as the design aspects of pluronic polymers. Finally, using newer literature reports, this review provides insights into the future potential and challenges posed by different pluronic-based polymer drug delivery systems in tumor therapy.
Topics: Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Neoplasms; Poloxamer; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Polypropylenes; Propylene Glycols; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34204668
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123610 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2021To optimize the flanged belt-loop technique of scleral fixation through biomechanical testing and report clinical outcomes of resultant modifications.
OBJECTIVE
To optimize the flanged belt-loop technique of scleral fixation through biomechanical testing and report clinical outcomes of resultant modifications.
DESIGN
Experimental study.
METHODS
The force to disinsert flanged polypropylene suture from human cadaveric sclera was assessed using a tensile testing machine and compared to the breaking strengths of 9-0 and 10-0 polypropylene. The effects of modifying suture gauge (5-0, 6-0, 7-0, or 8-0), amount of suture cauterized (0.5 or 1.0 mm), and sclerotomy size (27, 30, 32, 33 gauge) were investigated. Belt-loop intrascleral fixation using 6-0 and 7-0 polypropylene with 30 and 32 gauge needles, respectively, was performed in 4 patients. Main outcome measures were flanged suture disinsertion forces in cadaveric sclera.
RESULTS
The average force to disinsert a flange created by melting 1.0 mm of 5-0, 6-0, 7-0, and 8-0 polypropylene suture from human cadaveric sclera via 27, 30, 32, and 33 gauge needle sclerotomies was 3.0 ± 0.5 N, 2.1 ± 0.3 N, 0.9 ± 0.2 N, and 0.4 ± 0.1 N, respectively. The disinsertion forces for flanges formed by melting 0.5 mm of the same gauges were 72%-79% lower (P < .001). In comparison, the breaking strengths of 9-0 and 10-0 polypropylene were 0.91 ± 0.4 N and 0.52 ± 0.03 N. Belt-loop fixation using 6-0 and 7-0 polypropylene with 30 and 32 gauge sclerotomies demonstrated good outcomes at 6 months.
CONCLUSIONS
The flanged belt-loop technique is a biomechanically sound method of scleral fixation using 1.0 mm flanges of 5-0 to 7-0 polypropylene paired with 27, 30, and 32 gauge sclerotomies. In contrast, 8-0 polypropylene and 0.5 mm flanges of any suture gauge will likely be unstable with this technique.
Topics: Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lenses, Intraocular; Polypropylenes; Sclera; Suture Techniques; Sutures
PubMed: 33945819
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.017 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2023This study presents an in vitro analysis of the bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of hybrid films containing nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel ferrite (NiFeO)...
This study presents an in vitro analysis of the bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of hybrid films containing nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel ferrite (NiFeO) nanoparticles embedded in polypropylene (PP). The solvent casting method was used to synthesize films of PP, PP@NiO, and PP@NiFeO, which were characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the small crystallite sizes of NiO and NiFeO NPs were maintained even after they were incorporated into the PP matrix. From the Raman scattering spectroscopy data, it was evident that there was a significant interaction between the NPs and the PP matrix. Additionally, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a homogeneous dispersion of NiO and NiFeO NPs throughout the PP matrix. The incorporation of the NPs was observed to alter the surface roughness of the films; this behavior was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The antibacterial properties of all films were evaluated against (ATCC: 43636™) and (ATCC: 23235™), two opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. The PP@NiO and PP@ NiFeO films showed over 90% bacterial growth inhibition for both strains. Additionally, the effects of the films on human skin cells, such as epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, were evaluated for cytotoxicity. The PP, PP@NiO, and PP@NiFeO films were nontoxic to human keratinocytes. Furthermore, compared to the PP film, improved biocompatibility of the PP@NiFeO film with human fibroblasts was observed. The methodology utilized in this study allows for the production of hybrid films that can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, such as , and Gram-negative bacteria, such as . These films have potential as coating materials to prevent bacterial proliferation on surfaces.
Topics: Humans; Polypropylenes; Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 38069375
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317052 -
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 2021To compare tissue inflammatory response, foreign body reaction, fibroplasia, and proportion of type I/III collagen between closure of abdominal wall aponeurosis using...
Analysis of tissue inflammatory response, fibroplasia, and foreign body reaction between the polyglactin suture of abdominal aponeurosis in rats and the intraperitoneal implant of polypropylene, polypropylene/polyglecaprone and polyester/porcine collagen meshes.
PURPOSE
To compare tissue inflammatory response, foreign body reaction, fibroplasia, and proportion of type I/III collagen between closure of abdominal wall aponeurosis using polyglactin suture and intraperitoneal implant of polypropylene, polypropylene/polyglecaprone, and polyester/porcine collagen meshes to repair defects in the abdominal wall of rats.
METHODS
Forty Wistar rats were placed in four groups, ten animals each, for the intraperitoneal implant of polypropylene, polypropylene/polyglecaprone, and polyester/porcine collagen meshes or suture with polyglactin (sham) after creation of defect in the abdominal wall. Twenty-one days later, histological analysis was performed after staining with hematoxylin-eosin and picrosirius red.
RESULTS
The groups with meshes had a higher inflammation score (p < 0.05) and higher number of gigantocytes (p < 0.05) than the sham group, which had a better fibroplasia with a higher proportion of type I/III collagen than the tissue separating meshes (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups with meshes.
CONCLUSIONS
The intraperitoneal implant of polypropylene/polyglecaprone and polyester/porcine collagen meshes determined a more intense tissue inflammatory response with exuberant foreign body reaction, immature fibroplasia and low tissue proportion of type I/III collagen compared to suture with polyglactin of abdominal aponeurosis. However, there were no significant differences in relation to the polypropylene mesh group.
Topics: Abdominal Wall; Animals; Aponeurosis; Collagen; Foreign-Body Reaction; Materials Testing; Polyglactin 910; Polypropylenes; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Surgical Mesh; Sutures; Swine
PubMed: 34495141
DOI: 10.1590/ACB360706 -
Environmental Research May 2023Pyrolysis oil from oil palm biomass can be a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and the precursor for synthesizing petrochemical products due to its carbon-neutral...
Pyrolysis oil from oil palm biomass can be a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and the precursor for synthesizing petrochemical products due to its carbon-neutral properties and low sulfur and nitrogen content. This work investigated the effect of applying mesoporous acidic catalysts, Ni-Mo/TiO and Ni/AlO in a catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil palm trunk (OPT) and polypropylene (PP) from 500 to 700 °C. The obtained oil yields varied between 12.67 and 19.50 wt.% and 12.33-17.17 wt.% for Ni-Mo/TiO and Ni/AlO, respectively. The hydrocarbon content in oil significantly increased up to 54.07-58.18% and 37.28-68.77% after adding Ni-Mo/TiO and Ni/AlO, respectively. The phenolic compounds content was substantially reduced to 8.46-20.16% for Ni-Mo/TiO and 2.93-14.56% for Ni/AlO. Minor reduction in oxygenated compounds was noticed from catalytic co-pyrolysis, though the parametric effects of temperature and catalyst type remain unclear. The enhanced deoxygenation and cracking of phenolic and oxygenated compounds and the PP decomposition resulted in increased hydrocarbon production in oil during catalytic co-pyrolysis. Catalyst addition also promoted the isomerization and oligomerization reactions, enhancing the formation of cyclic relative to aliphatic hydrocarbon.
Topics: Polypropylenes; Pyrolysis; Titanium; Hydrocarbons; Catalysis; Biomass; Biofuels; Hot Temperature
PubMed: 36841526
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115550