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Bio-medical Materials and Engineering Aug 2016The deadman theory is composed of two angles: θ1 and θ2, and it is recommended that both be less than or equal to 45°. Based on this theory, surgeons insert the...
The deadman theory is composed of two angles: θ1 and θ2, and it is recommended that both be less than or equal to 45°. Based on this theory, surgeons insert the anchor at 45°. However, the biomechanical studies show controversial data. We reviewed the original article and the biomechanical studies in the literature. We further performed three additional studies: 1) a finite element analysis to calculate the pullout strength of thread-less anchors inserted at 45°, 90°, and 135° to the polyurethane foam; 2) the same pullout test using thread-less anchors and the polyurethane foam; and 3) the same pullout test using metal threaded suture anchors and the simulated cortical bone. From the review and the additional studies, we came to the following explanations for the controversy: #1, the trigonometric calculation is not always applicable because of bone deformation; #2, insertion angle of 45° is the best for a thread-less anchor, but not for a threaded anchor; #3, θ1⩽45° is true, but it is not equivalent to inserting an anchor at 45°. In conclusion, insertion angle of 45° is the strongest for a thread-less anchor, but 90° is the strongest for a threaded anchor. The pullout strength depends on the inclination of the anchor, friction of the anchor-bone interface, and quality of the bone.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Polyurethanes; Suture Anchors; Tensile Strength
PubMed: 27567773
DOI: 10.3233/BME-161586 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Nov 2017The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments on polyurethanes aimed at the design, synthesis, modifications, and biological properties in the field of bone... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments on polyurethanes aimed at the design, synthesis, modifications, and biological properties in the field of bone tissue engineering. Different polyurethane systems are presented and discussed in terms of biodegradation, biocompatibility and bioactivity. A comprehensive discussion is provided of the influence of hard to soft segments ratio, catalysts, stiffness and hydrophilicity of polyurethanes. Interaction with various cells, behavior in vivo and current strategies in enhancing bioactivity of polyurethanes are described. The discussion on the incorporation of biomolecules and growth factors, surface modifications, and obtaining polyurethane-ceramics composites strategies is held. The main emphasis is placed on the progress of polyurethane applications in bone regeneration, including bone void fillers, shape memory scaffolds, and drug carrier.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Ceramics; Polyurethanes; Porosity; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 28866223
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.047 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Feb 2023In tissue engineering, polyurethane-based implants have gained significant traction because of their high compatibility and inertness. The implants therefore show fewer... (Review)
Review
In tissue engineering, polyurethane-based implants have gained significant traction because of their high compatibility and inertness. The implants therefore show fewer side effects and lasts longer. Also, the mechanical properties can be tuned and morphed into a particular shape, owing to which polyurethanes show immense versatility. In the last 3 years, scientists have devised methods to enhance the strength of and induce dynamic properties in polyurethanes, and these developments offer an immense opportunity to use them in tissue engineering. The focus of this review is on applications of polyurethane implants for biomedical application with detailed analysis of hard tissue implants like bone tissues and soft tissues like cartilage, muscles, skeletal tissues, and blood vessels. The synthetic routes for the preparation of scaffolds have been discussed to gain a better understanding of the issues that arise regarding toxicity. The focus here is also on concerns regarding the biocompatibility of the implants, given that the precursors and byproducts are poisonous.
Topics: Polyurethanes; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 36719800
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00788 -
Biosensors Dec 2022Conductive and stretchable fibers are the cornerstone of intelligent textiles and imperceptible electronics. Among existing fiber conductors, gallium-based liquid metals...
Conductive and stretchable fibers are the cornerstone of intelligent textiles and imperceptible electronics. Among existing fiber conductors, gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) featuring high conductivity, fluidity, and self-healing are excellent candidates for highly stretchable fibers with sensing, actuation, power generation, and interconnection functionalities. However, current LM fibers fabricated by direct injection or surface coating have a limitation in shape programmability. This hinders their applications in functional fibers with tunable electromechanical response and miniaturization. Here, we reported a simple and efficient method to create shape-programmable LM fibers using the phase transition of gallium. Gallium metal wires in the solid state can be easily shaped into a 3D helical structure, and the structure can be preserved after coating the wire with polyurethane and liquifying the metal. The 3D helical LM fiber offered enhanced stretchability with a high breaking strain of 1273% and showed invariable conductance over 283% strain. Moreover, we can reduce the fiber diameter by stretching the fiber during the solidification of polyurethane. We also demonstrated applications of the programmed fibers in self-powered strain sensing, heart rate monitoring, airflow, and humidity sensing. This work provided simple and facile ways toward functional LM fibers, which may facilitate the broad applications of LM fibers in e-skins, wearable computation, soft robots, and smart fabrics.
Topics: Wearable Electronic Devices; Polyurethanes; Electronics; Gallium
PubMed: 36671863
DOI: 10.3390/bios13010028 -
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative... Oct 2022Polyurethane (PU) has been widely examined and used for biomedical applications, such as catheters, blood oxygenators, stents, cardiac valves, drug delivery carriers,... (Review)
Review
Polyurethane (PU) has been widely examined and used for biomedical applications, such as catheters, blood oxygenators, stents, cardiac valves, drug delivery carriers, dialysis devices, wound dressings, adhesives, pacemaker, tissue engineering, and coatings for breast implants due to its mechanical flexibility, high tear strength, biocompatibility, and tailorable foams although bio-acceptability, biodegradability and controlled drug delivery to achieve the desired properties should be considered. Especially, during the last decade, the development of bio-based PUs has raised public awareness because of the concern with global plastic waste for creating more environmentally friended materials. Therefore, it is desirable to discuss polysaccharide (PS)-contained PU for the wound dressing and bone tissue engineering among bio-based PUs because PS has several advantages, such as biocompatibility, reproducibility from the natural resources, degradability, ease of incorporation of bioactive agents, ease of availability and cost-effectiveness, and structural feature of chemical modification to meet the desired needs to overcome the disadvantages of PU itself by containing the PS into the PU.
Topics: Drug Carriers; Humans; Polysaccharides; Polyurethanes; Reproducibility of Results; Suppuration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 35819712
DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00464-2 -
Macromolecular Rapid Communications Mar 2024Recent advancements in bioengineering and medical devices have been greatly influenced and dominated by synthetic polymers, particularly polyurethanes (PUs). PUs offer... (Review)
Review
Recent advancements in bioengineering and medical devices have been greatly influenced and dominated by synthetic polymers, particularly polyurethanes (PUs). PUs offer customizable mechanical properties and long-term stability, but their inherent hydrophobic nature poses challenges in practically biological application processes, such as interface high friction, strong protein adsorption, and thrombosis. To address these issues, surface modifications of PUs for generating functionally hydrophilic layers have received widespread attention, but the durability of generated surface functionality is poor due to irreversible mechanical wear or biodegradation. As a result, numerous researchers have investigated bulk modification techniques to incorporate zwitterionic polymers or groups onto the main or side chains of PUs, thereby improving their hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. This comprehensive review presents an extensive overview of notable zwitterionic PUs (ZPUs), including those based on phosphorylcholine, sulfobetaine, and carboxybetaine. The review explores their wide range of biomedical applications, from blood-contacting devices to antibacterial coatings, fouling-resistant marine coatings, separation membranes, lubricated surfaces, and shape memory and self-healing materials. Lastly, the review summarizes the challenges and future prospects of ZPUs in biological applications.
Topics: Humans; Polyurethanes; Surface Properties; Polymers; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Suppuration
PubMed: 38087799
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300606 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Nov 2023Polyurethanes are a versatile and highly tunable class of materials that possess unique properties including high tensile strength, abrasion and fatigue resistance, and... (Review)
Review
Polyurethanes are a versatile and highly tunable class of materials that possess unique properties including high tensile strength, abrasion and fatigue resistance, and flexibility at low temperatures. The tunability of polyurethane properties has allowed this class of polymers to become ubiquitous in our daily lives in fields as diverse as apparel, appliances, construction, and the automotive industry. Additionally, polyurethanes with excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility can be synthesized, enabling their use as biomaterials in the medical field. The tunable nature of polyurethane biomaterials also makes them excellent candidates as drug delivery vehicles, which is the focus of this review. The fundamental idea we aim to highlight in this article is the structure-property-function relationships found in polyurethane systems. Specifically, the chemical structure of the polymer determines its macroscopic properties and dictates the functions for which it will perform well. By exploring the structure-property-function relationships for polyurethanes, we aim to elucidate the fundamental properties that can be tailored to achieve controlled drug release and empower researchers to design new polyurethane systems for future drug delivery applications.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Polyurethanes; Drug Delivery Systems; Polymers
PubMed: 37734672
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.036 -
Cell Biology International Dec 2022Designing a new scaffold with an optimal ability of osteogenesis differentiation is a significant step bone tissue engineering along with the growing demands for bone...
Designing a new scaffold with an optimal ability of osteogenesis differentiation is a significant step bone tissue engineering along with the growing demands for bone craft in recent decades. Herein, we used Polyurethane (PU), a novel biocompatible and flexible polymer, and Hydroxyapatite (HA), the major component of human hard tissues matrix for developing new scaffolds and analyzing the in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) in basal and induction media. Gene expression analysis was performed to evaluate the expression level of four osteogenic differentiation genes. MTT assays were also done to assess the attachment and proliferation of the cells after 7 and 21 days of seeding to scaffolds. The expression level of RUNX2 was increased in seeded cells on PU/HA scaffolds compared with the PU. Cellular adhesion and proliferation of the Ad-MSCs were higher in PU/HA than PU scaffolds according to the histology analysis. The PU and PU/HA scaffolds supported the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of Ad-MSCs, and they are suitable candidates for producing constructs in bone regeneration. However, further in-vitro and in-vivo studies on these scaffolds are needed to introduce an appropriate candidate for clinical bone regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Durapatite; Polyurethanes; Osteogenesis; Tissue Scaffolds; Tissue Engineering; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 35971683
DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11878 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Sep 2020Antimicrobial surfaces and coatings are rapidly emerging as primary components in functional modification of materials and play an important role in addressing the... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial surfaces and coatings are rapidly emerging as primary components in functional modification of materials and play an important role in addressing the problems associated with biofouling and microbial infection. Polyurethane (PU) consisting of alternating soft and hard segments has been one of the most important coating materials that have been widely applied in many fields due to its versatile properties. This review attempts to provide insight into the recent advances in antimicrobial polyurethane coatings or surfaces. According to different classes of antimicrobial components along with their antimicrobial mechanism, the synthesis pathways are presented systematically herein to afford polyurethane with antimicrobial properties. Also, the challenges and opportunities of antimicrobial PU coatings and surfaces are also discussed. This review will be beneficial to the exploitation and the further studies of antimicrobial polyurethane materials for a variety of applications.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Biofouling; Polyurethanes; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32858408
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102235 -
Current Drug Delivery 2018During the last decade, polyurethanes and polyureas have emerged as promising alternatives to classical polyacrylate-, polyester- and polyaminoacid-based drug delivery... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
During the last decade, polyurethanes and polyureas have emerged as promising alternatives to classical polyacrylate-, polyester- and polyaminoacid-based drug delivery nanosystems. They are not only biocompatible and biodegradable, but also facilitate the manufacture of polymeric nanostructured nanoparticles in quantitative yields. The versatile chemistry reduces the amount of organic solvents used and allows the straightforward multifunctionalization of polymer precursors with the desired targeting molecule at each stage of the process.
OBJECTIVES
To highlight the common issues encountered in current drug delivery systems (DDSs) and the state of the art of polyurethane and polyurea polymers that self-assemble in a stratified manner by hydrophobic interactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of taking a holistic view when applying polymer nanotechnologies, in order to enhance their efficiency during preclinical and clinical studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Polyurethane-polyurea nanoparticles (PUUa NPs) emerge as suitable platforms to be manufactured in a cost-effective manner at industrial scale and following environmentally friendly synthetic methods. Furthermore, they allow the controlled delivery of a wide range of drugs and can be rapidly adapted to many clinical requirements by means of FDA-approved precursors. Additionally, the ease with which PUUa nanoparticles are biodegraded ensures control over temporal aspects of drug delivery compared to other nanosystems. These advantages make PUUa NPs attractive drug delivery vehicles as long as adequate safety and ethical guidelines for new NP formulations are developed.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Polymers; Polyurethanes
PubMed: 29065833
DOI: 10.2174/1567201814666171019102537