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Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Nov 2017Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) involves the use of non-toxic dyes excited with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) involves the use of non-toxic dyes excited with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy all classes of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Selectivity of killing microbes over host mammalian cells allows this approach (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, aPDT) to be used in vivo as an alternative therapeutic approach for localized infections especially those that are drug-resistant. Areas covered: We have discovered that aPDI can be potentiated (up to 6 logs of extra killing) by the addition of simple inorganic salts. The most powerful and versatile salt is potassium iodide, but potassium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, sodium azide and sodium nitrite also show potentiation. The mechanism of potentiation with iodide is likely to be singlet oxygen addition to iodide to form iodine radicals, hydrogen peroxide and molecular iodine. Another mechanism involves two-electron oxidation of iodide/bromide to form hypohalites. A third mechanism involves a one-electron oxidation of azide anion to form azide radical. Expert commentary: The addition of iodide has been shown to improve the performance of aPDT in several animal models of localized infection. KI is non-toxic and is an approved drug for antifungal therapy, so its transition to clinical use in aPDT should be straightforward.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Bromides; Communicable Diseases; Drug Synergism; Fungi; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Potassium Compounds; Potassium Iodide; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sodium Azide; Translational Research, Biomedical; Viruses
PubMed: 29084463
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1397512 -
Maedica Mar 2024This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in combination with or without glutathione (Glu) and potassium iodide (KI) on the fluoride...
Evaluating the Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride, with or without Glutathione and Potassium Iodide, on Fluoride Release, Dentin Microhardness and Surface Properties of Dentin.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in combination with or without glutathione (Glu) and potassium iodide (KI) on the fluoride release and the enhancement of dentin microhardness. In this study, 90 intact premolar teeth from human subjects were allocated into nine groups, each consisting of ten samples: A) control; B) SDF; C) SDF combined with 5% Glu; D) SDF combined with 10% Glu; E) SDF combined with 20% Glu; F) KI after SDF; G) 5% Glu after SDF; H) 10% Glu after SDF; and I) 20% Glu after SDF. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and ANOVA and post-hoc and repeated measure test (P value <0.05). Dentin microhardness exhibited variations across different treatments, with the highest value being observed in the SDF-5% Glu group and the lowest in the control group. However, there was a significant difference between the mean values of SDF-5% Glu group and the SDF group. Significant increases in microhardness were observed when comparing SDF-5% Glu to SDF+5% Glu and SDF-10% Glu to SDF+10% Glu in peer groups (P value <0.05). Over time, there was a significant increase in the amount of fluoride released as compared to the initial day. The utilization of SDF-5% Glu group exhibited the most favorable effect on improving dentin hardness. Additionally, utilizing Glu in concentrations of 5% and 10% after SDF application proved more effective in increasing dentin microhardness than combining it with SDF. Moreover, in all three fluoride measurement periods, adding 5% Glu to SDF and using 20% Glu following SDF administration led to a significant increase in fluoride release compared to the application of SDF alone.
PubMed: 38736910
DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2024.19.11.48 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2018We have recently discovered that the photodynamic action of many different photosensitizers (PSs) can be dramatically potentiated by addition of a solution containing a... (Review)
Review
We have recently discovered that the photodynamic action of many different photosensitizers (PSs) can be dramatically potentiated by addition of a solution containing a range of different inorganic salts. Most of these studies have centered around antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation that kills Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in suspension. Addition of non-toxic water-soluble salts during illumination can kill up to six additional logs of bacterial cells (one million-fold improvement). The PSs investigated range from those that undergo mainly Type I photochemical mechanisms (electron transfer to produce superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), such as phenothiazinium dyes, fullerenes, and titanium dioxide, to those that are mainly Type II (energy transfer to produce singlet oxygen), such as porphyrins, and Rose Bengal. At one extreme of the salts is sodium azide, that quenches singlet oxygen but can produce azide radicals (presumed to be highly reactive) via electron transfer from photoexcited phenothiazinium dyes. Potassium iodide is oxidized to molecular iodine by both Type I and Type II PSs, but may also form reactive iodine species. Potassium bromide is oxidized to hypobromite, but only by titanium dioxide photocatalysis (Type I). Potassium thiocyanate appears to require a mixture of Type I and Type II photochemistry to first produce sulfite, that can then form the sulfur trioxide radical anion. Potassium selenocyanate can react with either Type I or Type II (or indeed with other oxidizing agents) to produce the semi-stable selenocyanogen (SCN)₂. Finally, sodium nitrite may react with either Type I or Type II PSs to produce peroxynitrate (again, semi-stable) that can kill bacteria and nitrate tyrosine. Many of these salts (except azide) are non-toxic, and may be clinically applicable.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Azides; Bromides; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Iodides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrites; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Salts; Thiocyanates; Titanium
PubMed: 30514001
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123190 -
Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 2022The domestic cat is the most susceptible host to Sporothrix infection, developing severe clinical forms. Few effective antifungal agents are available for treating... (Review)
Review
The domestic cat is the most susceptible host to Sporothrix infection, developing severe clinical forms. Few effective antifungal agents are available for treating feline sporotrichosis, and cases of treatment failure are common. Treatment success depends on cat health status, therapy-related factors, as well as social/economic issues, but it is mainly contingent upon the host-fungus interaction. The owner's adherence is critical and should be reinforced throughout the treatment to increase the chances of a successful outcome. The antifungal agents described for feline sporotrichosis are most often used in monotherapy regimens. Due to cases in which the treatment with itraconazole failed, the use of antifungal agents in combination should be considered to achieve synergy. The combination of itraconazole and potassium iodide represents an important option for the treatment of naïve cats presenting multiple cutaneous lesions, nasal mucosal lesions and/or respiratory signs, as well as for refractory cases. However, the therapeutic options for unsuccessfully treated cases are scarce. Therefore new options are needed, even more taking into account that there are many in vitro potential molecules not available for use in cats yet. More studies are necessary to correlate in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests results and the outcome of cats treated due to sporotrichosis. This review will briefly discuss both the antifungal drugs and treatment protocols used in cats with sporotrichosis, as well as the determinants of treatment failure.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Sporotrichosis; Itraconazole; Sporothrix; Antifungal Agents; Potassium Iodide; Brazil
PubMed: 35840526
DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2022.05.002 -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2024Erythrosine+potassium iodide-mediated photodynamic therapy has shown an anticandidal effect. Single session, however, has inadequate fungal inhibition.
BACKGROUND
Erythrosine+potassium iodide-mediated photodynamic therapy has shown an anticandidal effect. Single session, however, has inadequate fungal inhibition.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine the effects of multiple aPDT sessions on inhibition and singlet oxygen formation.
METHODS
220 μM erythrosine +/-100 mM potassium iodide was applied to biofilms for 1 min prior to irradiation at 530±10 nm using a 250 mW/cm light-emitting diode. Negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin, respectively. Single, double and triple irradiation sessions with a 5 min resting time between sessions were performed. Post-treatment candidal counts were done at 0, 1 6 and 24 hr while log colony forming unit/ml was calculated and compared using a Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test at a <0.05 - Singlet oxygen amount was compared using one-way ANOVA with a post hoc test at a < 0.05.
RESULTS
Two and three irradiation sessions to erythrosine+potassium iodide could inhibit at 7.92 logCFU/ml ( < 0.001) . Singlet oxygen from a combination groups was significantly higher than for erythrosine (positive control). Moreover, the correlation coefficient (r) between singlet oxygen production and decreased counts was equal to 1.
CONCLUSION
Multiple sessions PDT of 220 μM erythrosine+100 mM potassium iodide effectively inhibited a biofilm.
PubMed: 38903483
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2369357 -
Nano Letters Sep 2023The rapid proliferative biological behavior of primary foci of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) makes it a lethal tumor. According to the specific iodine uptake capacity...
The rapid proliferative biological behavior of primary foci of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) makes it a lethal tumor. According to the specific iodine uptake capacity of thyroid cells and enhanced endocytosis of ATC cells, we designed a kind of nanoclay drug-loading system and showed a promising treatment strategy for ATC. Introducing potassium iodide (KI) improves the homoaggregation of clay nanoparticles and then affects the distribution of nanoparticles in vivo, which makes KI@DOX-Kaolin enriched almost exclusively in thyroid tissue. Simultaneously, the improvement of dispersibility of KI@DOX-Kaolin changes the target uptake of ATC cells by improving the endocytosis and nanoparticle-induced autophagy, which regulate the production of autolysosomes and autophagy-enhanced chemotherapy, eventually contributing to a tumor inhibition rate of more than 90% in the primary foci of ATC. Therefore, this facile strategy to improve the homoaggregation of nanoclay by introducing KI has the potential to become an advanced drug delivery vehicle in ATC treatment.
Topics: Humans; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Potassium Iodide; Kaolin; Endocytosis; Drug Delivery Systems; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37615624
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01984 -
Medical Mycology Jan 2015Feline sporotrichosis, which is caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 4000 cases of the disease were... (Review)
Review
Feline sporotrichosis, which is caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 4000 cases of the disease were diagnosed at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2012. Sporotrichosis in cats has been reported in several countries, but nowhere has an outbreak of animal sporotrichosis been as large as that seen in Brazil. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from an isolated skin lesion that can progress to multiple skin lesions and even fatal systemic involvement. Nodules and ulcers are the most common types of lesions, and respiratory signs and mucosa involvement are frequent. The definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the etiologic agent in culture. Cytology, histopathology, and serology are useful tools for preliminary diagnosis. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, high fungal load, and extension of lesions to mucosa, cartilage, and bone in the nose of cats are indicative of an agent of high virulence in this endemic region. Itraconazole is the drug of choice, while, in refractory cases, amphotericin B or potassium iodide might be alternative treatments; however, recurrence after discharge may occur. Sporotrichosis persists as a neglected disease in Rio de Janeiro, and the treatment of cats remains a challenging and long-term endeavor.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Endemic Diseases; Itraconazole; Potassium Iodide; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 25477076
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu061 -
Journal of Dentistry May 2024This study aims to evaluate antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), SDF/potassium iodide (KI), and nanosilver fluoride (NSF).
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to evaluate antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), SDF/potassium iodide (KI), and nanosilver fluoride (NSF).
METHODS
Antimicrobial activity of sterile saline, 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), SDF, SDF/KI, NSF, and KI solutions against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei was assessed through disc diffusion tests. A dual-species biofilm of S. mutans-L. casei was formed on 48 enamel samples, divided into six groups (n = 8). Group 1 was treated with sterile saline, Group 2 with 5% NaOCl, Group 3 with 2% CHX, Group 4 with SDF, Group 5 with SDF/KI, and Group 6 with NSF. The samples were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis utilized Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests and multiple comparisons were conducted using Dunn test.
RESULTS
SDF, SDF/KI, and NaOCl displayed significantly higher antibacterial activity against dual-species biofilm compared to NSF and CHX (p < 0.050).
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, SDF and SDF/KI demonstrated greater antibacterial activity than NSF. SDF's antibacterial activity was unaffected by KI. Further research is needed to determine the appropriate content and concentration for achieving effective antibacterial activity with NSF.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The use of silver-containing materials is increasing in popularity within pediatric dentistry. In this study, an endeavor has been made to assist pediatric dentists in determining which solution might be more advantageous for preventing caries.
PubMed: 38810833
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105097 -
The Australasian Journal of Dermatology Nov 2022We describe a strikingly robust presentation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-induced pustular Sweet syndrome and discuss how to distinguish it from iododerma... (Review)
Review
We describe a strikingly robust presentation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-induced pustular Sweet syndrome and discuss how to distinguish it from iododerma and other neutrophil-rich conditions. A review of the literature indicates that TMP-SMX-induced Sweet syndrome (SS) may have higher rates of neutrophilia and greater ocular, mucosal, and musculoskeletal involvement compared to SS from other drugs. Recognizing these features and identifying the offending agent are critical for correctly diagnosing TMP-SMX-induced SS in a timely manner.
Topics: Humans; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Sweet Syndrome
PubMed: 35866718
DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13897 -
International Journal of Biological... Sep 2023In this study, the interaction between potassium iodide and protein molecules under different temperature induction was studied, taking potassium iodide (KI) and protein...
In this study, the interaction between potassium iodide and protein molecules under different temperature induction was studied, taking potassium iodide (KI) and protein molecules as a model system. The effects of KI on protein conformation, size, surface charge, binding constant, and binding site were analyzed by fluorescence spectrum, infrared spectrum, and diffusing wave spectroscopy. The results revealed that bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ovalbumin (OVA) and I formed the 1: 1 complex and significantly affected the hydrodynamic radius and spatial structure. This could be attributed to the exposure of tyrosine residues inside the proteins to the polar conditions under increased temperature. The unfolding of protein structures induced the interaction between KI/KCl and proteins. As for BSA and OVA, the particle size and surface charge of the complex increased significantly in the presence of KI/KCl. KI had a strong static quenching effect on the fluorescence of BSA and OVA. Overall, these results provide insights into the physiological effects of iodine ions.
Topics: Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Temperature; Ovalbumin; Potassium Iodide; Muramidase; Binding Sites; Protein Binding; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 37482161
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125923