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Future Medicinal Chemistry Sep 2019Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless... (Review)
Review
Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless light to destroy microbial cells by reactive oxygen species. Tetracyclines (demeclocycline and doxycycline) can act as light-activated antibiotics by binding to bacterial cells and killing them only upon illumination. The remaining tetracyclines can prevent bacterial regrowth after illumination has ceased. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by potassium iodide. Azide quenched the formation of iodine, but not hydrogen peroxide. Demeclotetracycline (but not doxycycline) iodinated tyrosine after light activation in the presence of potassium iodide. Bacteria are killed by photoactivation of tetracyclines in the absence of oxygen. Since topical tetracyclines are already used clinically, blue light activation may increase the bactericidal effect.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Light; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Tetracyclines
PubMed: 31544504
DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0513 -
Drug Development Research Feb 2019The relentless rise of antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most serious problems facing mankind. This mini-review will cover three cutting-edge approaches... (Review)
Review
The relentless rise of antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most serious problems facing mankind. This mini-review will cover three cutting-edge approaches that use light-based techniques to kill antibiotic-resistant microbial species, and treat localized infections. First, we will discuss antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation using rationally designed photosensitizes combined with visible light, with the added possibility of strong potentiation by inorganic salts such as potassium iodide. Second, the use of blue and violet light alone that activates endogenous photoactive porphyrins within the microbial cells. Third, it is used for "safe UVC" at wavelengths between 200 nm and 230 nm that can kill microbial cells without damaging host mammalian cells. We have gained evidence that all these approaches can kill multidrug resistant bacteria in vitro, and they do not induce themselves any resistance, and moreover can treat animal models of localized infections caused by resistant species that can be monitored by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Light-based antimicrobial approaches are becoming a growing translational part of anti-infective treatments in the current age of resistance.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Light; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 30070718
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21453 -
Heliyon Jul 2023Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is emerging as a promising way to treat infections with minimal side effects. Typically, a single photosensitizer used in photodynamic...
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is emerging as a promising way to treat infections with minimal side effects. Typically, a single photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy is capable of generating only one type of reactive oxygen species, which may have inadequate capability to eradicate certain types of microbes, especially species. Thus, the use of combined photosensitizers is examined as a means of achieving superior antimicrobial results. We postulate that bisdemethoxycurcumin, a type I reactive oxygen species generator, combined with potassium iodide, an antimicrobial iodide molecule, might exhibit superior antimicrobial effects compared to a single photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy. The effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin + potassium iodide + dental blue light on reduction were examined. biofilms were treated with 20, 40 or 80 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin, 100 mM potassium iodide or a combination of these species for 20 min before irradiation with a dental blue light (90 J/cm). The negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin at 1 : 100,000 units/ml, respectively. Candidal numbers were quantified at 0, 1, 6 and 24 h. Hydroxyl radicals were spectrophotometrically measured using 2-[6-(4'amino phynoxyl-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl)] benzoic acid or APF probe-mediated fluorescence intensity (Varioskan) at 490/515 nm (excitation/emission). Candidal counts and hydroxyl radical comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. Correlations between candidal numbers and hydroxyl radical levels were done with a Pearson correlation test. Forty μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could provide a 3.5 log CFU/ml reduction after 6 h. Bisdemethoxycurcumin alone generated OH levels that were strongly correlated with candidal reduction. In conclusion, 40 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could reduce biofilm.
PubMed: 37455953
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17490 -
The Dental Register Mar 1896
PubMed: 33700858
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2012
Review
Topics: Dermatitis; Dermatologic Agents; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Potassium Iodide; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 22565452
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.95472 -
British Medical Journal Jun 1969
Topics: Humans; Potassium Iodide; Serologic Tests; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 5784610
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) 2003
Comparative Study
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Antithyroid Agents; Carbimazole; Female; Graves Disease; Heart Diseases; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Potassium Iodide; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Propylthiouracil; Puerperal Disorders; Radiotherapy Dosage; Thyroid Crisis; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroidectomy; Thyrotoxicosis; Time Factors
PubMed: 12617406
DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.3-1-11 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022() and () are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and...
() and () are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and potassium iodide (KI). The dependence of KI concentration, TBO concentration and light dose on the antimicrobial effect of aPDT plus KI was determined. The cytotoxicity of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. A singlet oxygen (O) probe test, time-resolved O detection, and a O quencher experiment were performed to evaluate the role of O during aPDT plus KI. The generation of iodine and hydrogen peroxide (HO) were analyzed by an iodine starch test and Amplex red assay. The anti-biofilm effect of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was also evaluated by counting forming unit (CFU) assay. KI could potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT against and in planktonic and biofilm states, which was safe for human dental pulp cells. O measurement showed that KI could quench O signals, implicating that O may act as a principal mediator to oxidize excess iodide ions to form iodine and HO. KI could highly potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT in eradicating and due to the synergistic effect of molecular iodine and HO.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodides; Iodine; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Potassium Iodide; Singlet Oxygen; Starch; Streptococcus mutans; Tolonium Chloride
PubMed: 36232675
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911373 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Nov 2017Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) involves the use of non-toxic dyes excited with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) involves the use of non-toxic dyes excited with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy all classes of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Selectivity of killing microbes over host mammalian cells allows this approach (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, aPDT) to be used in vivo as an alternative therapeutic approach for localized infections especially those that are drug-resistant. Areas covered: We have discovered that aPDI can be potentiated (up to 6 logs of extra killing) by the addition of simple inorganic salts. The most powerful and versatile salt is potassium iodide, but potassium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, sodium azide and sodium nitrite also show potentiation. The mechanism of potentiation with iodide is likely to be singlet oxygen addition to iodide to form iodine radicals, hydrogen peroxide and molecular iodine. Another mechanism involves two-electron oxidation of iodide/bromide to form hypohalites. A third mechanism involves a one-electron oxidation of azide anion to form azide radical. Expert commentary: The addition of iodide has been shown to improve the performance of aPDT in several animal models of localized infection. KI is non-toxic and is an approved drug for antifungal therapy, so its transition to clinical use in aPDT should be straightforward.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Bromides; Communicable Diseases; Drug Synergism; Fungi; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Potassium Compounds; Potassium Iodide; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sodium Azide; Translational Research, Biomedical; Viruses
PubMed: 29084463
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1397512