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Frontiers in Microbiology 2019The objective of this study was to examine the association between bacterial community structure and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen (UEN) phenotypes by...
The objective of this study was to examine the association between bacterial community structure and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen (UEN) phenotypes by determining the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of goats that differ in UEN using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Thirty Nubian goats were selected as experimental animals, and their UEN was determined in a metabolic experiment. Subsequently, eight individuals were grouped into the high nitrogen utilization (HNU) phenotype, and seven were grouped into the low nitrogen utilization (LNU) phenotype. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons from the rumen, abomasum, jejunum, cecum and colon contents of these animals were sequenced using next-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. Two hundred thirty-nine genera belonging to 23 phyla in the rumen, 319 genera belonging to 30 phyla in the abomasum, 248 genera belonging to 36 phyla in the jejunum, 248 genera belonging to 25 phyla in the colon and 246 genera belonging to 23 phyla in the cecum were detected, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes predominating. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the UEN and the genera and in the rumen; and in the abomasum; and in the jejunum; and in the colon; and in the cecum. Furthermore, the real-time PCR results showed that the ruminal copies of , , _sp._HUN007, and in the HNU animals were significantly higher than those in the LNU animals. This study suggests an association of GIT microbial communities as a factor that influences UEN in goats.
PubMed: 30873128
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00239 -
The British Journal of Nutrition May 2020This study evaluated the effects of rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) and betaine (BT) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in bulls....
This study evaluated the effects of rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) and betaine (BT) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in bulls. Forty-eight Angus bulls were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. BT of 0 or 0·6 g/kg DM was supplemented to diet without or with the addition of 6 mg/kg DM of folic acid from RPFA, respectively. Average daily gain increased by 25·2 and 6·29 % for addition of BT without RPFA and with RPFA, respectively. Digestibility and ruminal total volatile fatty acids of neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre increased, feed conversion ratio and blood folate decreased with the addition of BT without RPFA, but these parameters were unchanged with BT addition in diet with RPFA. Digestibility of DM, organic matter and crude protein as well as acetate:propionate ratio increased with RPFA or BT addition. Ruminal ammonia-N decreased with RPFA addition. Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase, pectinase and protease as well as population of total bacteria, protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminobacter amylophilus increased with RPFA or BT addition. Laccase activity and total fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Prevotella ruminicola population increased with RPFA addition, whereas Ruminococcus albus population increased with BT addition. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased with RPFA addition. Addition of RPFA or BT decreased blood homocysteine. The results indicated that addition of BT stimulated growth and nutrient digestion in bulls only when RPFA was not supplemented.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Cattle; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fermentation; Folic Acid; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Rumen
PubMed: 31992377
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520000331 -
Meta Gene Dec 2014The aim of this study was to detect the major bacteria present in rumen microbiota. Here, we performed qPCR based absolute quantitation of selected rumen microbes in...
The aim of this study was to detect the major bacteria present in rumen microbiota. Here, we performed qPCR based absolute quantitation of selected rumen microbes in rumen fluid of river buffalo adapted to varying proportion of concentrate to roughage diets. Animals were adapted to roughage-to-concentrate ratio in the proportion of 100:00 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3) and 25:75 (T4) respectively for 30 days. At the end of each treatment, rumen fluid was collected at 0 h and 2 h after feeding. It was found that among fibrolytic bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens (2.22 × 10(8) copies/ml) were highest in T2 group and followed by 1.11 × 10(8) copies/ml for Fibrobacter succinogenes (T2), 2.56 × 10(7) copies/ml for Prevotella ruminicola (T1) and 1.25 × 10(7) copies/ml for Ruminococcus albus (T4). In non-fibrolytic bacteria, the Selenomonas ruminantium (2.62 × 10(7) copies/ml) was predominant in group T3 and followed by Treponema bryantii (2.52 × 10(7)copies/ml) in group T1, Ruminobacter amylophilus (1.31 × 10(7)copies/ml) in group T1 and Anaerovibrio lipolytica (2.58 × 10(6) copies/ml) in group T4. It is most notable that R. flavefaciens were the highest in population in the rumen of Surti buffalo fed wheat straw as roughage source.
PubMed: 25606402
DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.01.001 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Nov 2021To investigate the influences of dietary riboflavin (RF) addition on nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation, eight rumen cannulated Holstein bulls were randomly...
To investigate the influences of dietary riboflavin (RF) addition on nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation, eight rumen cannulated Holstein bulls were randomly allocated into four treatments in a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Daily addition level of RF for each bull in control, low RF, medium RF and high RF was 0, 300, 600 and 900 mg, respectively. Increasing the addition level of RF, DM intake was not affected, average daily gain tended to be increased linearly and feed conversion ratio decreased linearly. Total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) increased linearly. Rumen pH decreased quadratically, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased quadratically. Acetate molar percentage and acetate:propionate ratio increased linearly, but propionate molar percentage and ammonia-N content decreased linearly. Rumen effective degradability of DM increased linearly, NDF increased quadratically but CP was unaltered. Activity of cellulase and populations of total bacteria, protozoa, fungi, dominant cellulolytic bacteria, Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus increased linearly. Linear increase was observed for urinary total purine derivatives excretion. The data suggested that dietary RF addition was essential for rumen microbial growth, and no further increase in performance and rumen total VFA concentration was observed when increasing RF level from 600 to 900 mg/d in dairy bulls.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Male; Microbiota; Nutrients; Propionates; Riboflavin; Rumen
PubMed: 33413702
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520005243 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2021As a water-soluble polymer, the widely used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is produced from hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Microbial PVA carbon backbone cleavage via a...
As a water-soluble polymer, the widely used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is produced from hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Microbial PVA carbon backbone cleavage via a two-step reaction of dehydrogenation and hydrolysis has been well studied. Content of acetyl group is a pivotal factor affecting performance of PVA derivatives in industrial application, and deacetylation is a non-negligible part in PVA degradation. However, the genetic and biochemical studies of its deacetylation remain largely elusive. Here, sp. strain NyZ500 was isolated for its capability of growing on acetylated PVA from activated sludge. A spontaneous PVA-utilization deficient mutant strain NyZ501 was obtained when strain NyZ500 was cultured in rich media. Comparative analysis between the genomes of these two strains revealed a fragment (containing a putative hydrolase gene ) deletion in NyZ501 and complemented strain NyZ501 restored the ability to grow on PVA. DacA which shares 21% identity with xylan esterase AxeA1 from 23, is a unique deacetylase catalyzing the conversion of acetylated PVA and its derivatives to deacetylated counterparts. This indicates that strain NyZ500 utilizes acetylated PVA via acetate as a carbon source to grow. DacA also possessed the deacetylation ability for acetylated xylan and the antibiotic intermediate 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7ACA) but the enzymes for the above two compounds had no activities against PVA derivatives. This study enhanced our understanding of the diversity of microbial degradation of PVA and DacA characterized here is also a potential biocatalyst for the eco-friendly biotransformation of PVA derivatives and other acetylated compounds. Water-soluble PVA, which possesses a very robust ability to accumulate in the environment, has a very grave environmental impact due to its widespread use in industrial and household applications. On the other hand, chemical transformation of PVA derivatives is currently being carried out at high energy consumption and high pollution conditions using hazardous chemicals (such as NaOH, methanol) under high temperatures. The DacA reported here performs PVA deacetylation under mild conditions, then it has a great potential to be developed into an eco-friendly biocatalyst for biotransformation of PVA derivatives. DacA also has deacetylation activity for compounds other than PVA derivatives, which facilitates its development into a broad-spectrum deacetylation biocatalyst for production of certain desired compounds.
PubMed: 33547060
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03016-20 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2022Residual feed intake (RFI) measures feed efficiency independent of milk production level, and is typically calculated using data past peak lactation. In the current...
Residual feed intake in peripartal dairy cows is associated with differences in milk fat yield, ruminal bacteria, biopolymer hydrolyzing enzymes, and circulating biomarkers of immunometabolism.
Residual feed intake (RFI) measures feed efficiency independent of milk production level, and is typically calculated using data past peak lactation. In the current study, we retrospectively classified multiparous Holstein cows (n = 320) from 5 of our published studies into most feed-efficient (M-eff) or least feed-efficient (L-eff) groups using performance data collected during the peripartal period. Objectives were to assess differences in profiles of plasma biomarkers of immunometabolism, relative abundance of key ruminal bacteria, and activities of digestive enzymes in ruminal digesta between M-eff and L-eff cows. Individual data from cows with ad libitum access to a total mixed ration from d -28 to d +28 relative to calving were used. A linear regression model including dry matter intake (DMI), energy-corrected milk (ECM), changes in body weight (BW), and metabolic BW was used to classify cows based on RFI divergence into L-eff (n = 158) and M-eff (n = 162). Plasma collected from the coccygeal vessel at various times around parturition (L-eff = 60 cows; M-eff = 47 cows) was used for analyses of 30 biomarkers of immunometabolism. Ruminal digesta collected via esophageal tube (L-eff = 19 cows; M-eff = 29 cows) was used for DNA extraction and assessment of relative abundance (%) of 17 major bacteria using real-time PCR, as well as activity of cellulase, amylase, xylanase, and protease. The UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.) was used for analyses of RFI coefficients. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used for repeated measures analysis of performance, milk yield and composition, plasma immunometabolic biomarkers, ruminal bacteria, and enzyme activities. The M-eff cows consumed less DMI during the peripartal period compared with L-eff cows. In the larger cohort of cows, despite greater overall BW for M-eff cows especially in the prepartum (788 vs. 764 kg), no difference in body condition score was detected due to RFI or the interaction of RFI × time. Milk fat content (4.14 vs. 3.75 ± 0.06%) and milk fat yield (1.75 vs. 1.62 ± 0.04 kg) were greater in M-eff cows. Although cumulative ECM yield did not differ due to RFI (1,138 vs. 1,091 ± 21 kg), an RFI × time interaction due to greater ECM yield was found in M-eff cows. Among plasma biomarkers studied, concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, bilirubin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites were overall greater, and glucose, paraoxonase, and IL-6 were lower in M-eff compared with L-eff cows. Among bacteria studied, abundance of Ruminobacter amylophilus and Prevotella ruminicola were more than 2-fold greater in M-eff cows. Despite lower ruminal activity of amylase in M-eff cows in the prepartum, regardless of RFI, we observed a marked linear increase after calving in amylase, cellulase, and xylanase activities. Protease activity did not differ due to RFI, time, or RFI × time. Despite greater concentrations of biomarkers reflective of negative energy balance and inflammation, higher feed efficiency measured as RFI in peripartal dairy cows might be associated with shifts in ruminal bacteria and amylase enzyme activity. Further studies could help address such factors, including the roles of the liver and the mammary gland.
Topics: Amylases; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Biomarkers; Biopolymers; Body Weight; Cattle; Cellulases; Diet; Eating; Female; Humans; Lactation; Milk; Peptide Hydrolases; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35840400
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21274 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... 2021This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium humate (HNa) and glutamine (Gln) alone or combined supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea...
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium humate (HNa) and glutamine (Gln) alone or combined supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of weaned Holstein calves. In a 14-day experiment, 40 calves at 51 ± 3 days of age were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: (1) NC (basal diet), (2) NC + 5% HNa, (3) NC + 1% Gln, and (4) NC + 5% HNa + 1% Gln. Calves combined supplementation with HNa and Gln had a higher (P < .05) ADG, serum concentration of glucose (GLU), IgA, and IgG but lower fecal scores, diarrhea incidence, serum concentration of TNF-α, and IL-10 compared with NC group (P < .05). Compared with NC group, HNa + Gln group showed higher (P < .05) serum GSH and T-AOC activities but lower (P < .05) concentration of MDA and D-lac. Furthermore, the abundances of Prevotella ruminicola, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in rectal digesta were increased (P < .05), but the Escherichia coli was significantly decreased. In conclusion, combined supplementation with HNa and Gln can effectively improve the immune status, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora of the weaned calves while reducing diarrhea incidence.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diarrhea; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Escherichia coli; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutamine; Incidence; Sodium
PubMed: 34269503
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13584 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2021We evaluated whether olive leaves (OLs) are effective as feed additives and supplements for ruminants and the potential methane reduction effects during in vitro...
We evaluated whether olive leaves (OLs) are effective as feed additives and supplements for ruminants and the potential methane reduction effects during in vitro fermentation. Two Hanwoo cows (460 ± 20 kg) equipped with cannula were fed Timothy hay and corn-based feed 3% of the body weight at a ratio of 6:4 (8:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.). Ruminal fluid from the cows was collected and mixed before morning feeding. In vitro batch fermentation was monitored after 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 °C, and OLs were used as supplements to achieve the concentration of 5% in the basal diet. At 12 h of fermentation, methane production decreased in the 5% OLs group compared to that in the control group, but not at 24 h. The proportion of cellulose-degrading bacteria, , and , tended to increase in the 5% OLs group at 12 h. The amount of ammonia produced was the same as the polymerase chain reaction result for . At 12 h, the proportion of was significantly higher in the 5% OLs group. OLs may be used incorporated with protein byproducts or other methane-reducing agents in animal feed.
PubMed: 34359136
DOI: 10.3390/ani11072008 -
Archives of Animal Nutrition Aug 2020The study evaluated the effects of soybean oil (SO) and dietary copper levels on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, enzyme activity, microflora and microbial...
The study evaluated the effects of soybean oil (SO) and dietary copper levels on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, enzyme activity, microflora and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Eight Holstein rumen-cannulated bulls (14 ± 0.2 months of age and 326 ± 8.9 kg of body weight) were allocated into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors being 0 or 40 g/kg dietary dry matter (DM) of SO and 0 or 7.68 mg/kg DM of Cu from copper sulphate (CS). The basal diet contained per kg DM 500 g of corn silage, 500 g of concentrate, 28 g of ether extract (EE) and 7.5 mg of Cu. The SO × CS interaction was significant ( < 0.05) for ruminal propionate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio. Dietary SO addition increased ( < 0.05) intake and total tract digestibility of EE but did not affect average daily gain (ADG) of bulls. Dietary CS addition did not affect nutrient intake but increased ( < 0.05) ADG and total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments. Dietary SO addition did not affect ruminal total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, decreased ( < 0.05) acetate proportion and ammonia N and increased ( < 0.05) propionate proportion. Dietary CS addition did not affect ammonia N, increased ( < 0.05) total VFA concentration and acetate proportion and decreased ( < 0.05) propionate proportion. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased ( < 0.05) with SO addition and increased ( < 0.05) with CS addition. Dietary SO addition decreased ( < 0.05) activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase and xylanase as well as population of fungi, protozoa, methanogens, and but increased ( < 0.05) α-amylase activity and population of and . Dietary CS addition increased ( < 0.05) activity of cellulolytic enzyme and protease as well as population of total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, methanogens, primary cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Microbial protein synthesis was unchanged with SO addition but increased ( < 0.05) with CS addition. The results indicated that the addition of CS promoted nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation by stimulating microbial growth and enzyme activity but did not relieve the negative effects of SO addition on ruminal fermentation in dairy bulls.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Copper; Copper Sulfate; Dairying; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Nutrients; Rumen; Soybean Oil
PubMed: 31718315
DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2019.1679562 -
BMC Microbiology Nov 2020Ruminants burp massive amounts of methane into the atmosphere and significantly contribute to the deposition of greenhouse gases and the consequent global warming. It is...
BACKGROUND
Ruminants burp massive amounts of methane into the atmosphere and significantly contribute to the deposition of greenhouse gases and the consequent global warming. It is therefore urgent to devise strategies to mitigate ruminant's methane emissions to alleviate climate change. Ruminal methanogenesis is accomplished by a series of methanogen archaea in the phylum Euryarchaeota, which piggyback into carbohydrate fermentation by utilizing residual hydrogen to produce methane. Abundance of methanogens, therefore, is expected to affect methane production. Furthermore, availability of hydrogen produced by cellulolytic bacteria acting upstream of methanogens is a rate-limiting factor for methane production. The aim of our study was to identify microbes associated with the production of methane which would constitute the basis for the design of mitigation strategies.
RESULTS
Moderate differences in the abundance of methanogens were observed between groups. In addition, we present three lines of evidence suggesting an apparent higher abundance of a consortium of Prevotella species in animals with lower methane emissions. First, taxonomic classification revealed increased abundance of at least 29 species of Prevotella. Second, metagenome assembly identified increased abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and another species of Prevotella. Third, metabolic profiling of predicted proteins uncovered 25 enzymes with homology to Prevotella proteins more abundant in the low methane emissions group.
CONCLUSIONS
We propose that higher abundance of ruminal Prevotella increases the production of propionic acid and, in doing so, reduces the amount of hydrogen available for methanogenesis. However, further experimentation is required to ascertain the role of Prevotella on methane production and its potential to act as a methane production mitigator.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Buffaloes; Colombia; Euryarchaeota; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hydrogen; Methane; Prevotella; Propionates; Rumen
PubMed: 33246412
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02037-6