-
Optics Letters Aug 2022We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical processor for a binarized neural network (NN). Implementation of a binarized NN involves multiply-accumulate...
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical processor for a binarized neural network (NN). Implementation of a binarized NN involves multiply-accumulate operations, in which positive and negative weights should be implemented. In the proposed processor, the positive and negative weights are realized by switching the operations of a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) between two quadrature points corresponding to two binary weights of +1 and -1, and the multiplication is also performed at the DD-MZM. The accumulation operation is realized by dispersion-induced time delays and detection at a photodetector (PD). A proof-of-concept experiment is performed. A binarized convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerated by the optical processor at a speed of 32 giga floating point operations/s (GFLOPS) is tested on two benchmark image classification tasks. The large bandwidth and parallel processing capability of the processor has high potential for next generation data computing.
Topics: Equipment Design; Neural Networks, Computer; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 35913340
DOI: 10.1364/OL.464214 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2018The Gaofen-3 (GF-3) data processor was developed as a workstation-based GF-3 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing system. The processor consists of two vital...
The Gaofen-3 (GF-3) data processor was developed as a workstation-based GF-3 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing system. The processor consists of two vital subsystems of the GF-3 ground segment, which are referred to as data ingesting subsystem (DIS) and product generation subsystem (PGS). The primary purpose of DIS is to record and catalogue GF-3 raw data with a transferring format, and PGS is to produce slant range or geocoded imagery from the signal data. This paper presents a brief introduction of the GF-3 data processor, including descriptions of the system architecture, the processing algorithms and its output format.
PubMed: 29534464
DOI: 10.3390/s18030835 -
The Journal of International Advanced... Nov 2023RONDO 2 is a lightweight, compact, wirelessly charged, and fully integrated single-unit speech processor. Single-unit processors provide an effective and convenient...
BACKGROUND
RONDO 2 is a lightweight, compact, wirelessly charged, and fully integrated single-unit speech processor. Single-unit processors provide an effective and convenient alternative to behind-the-ear processors for adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if RONDO 2 is suitable for and did not compromise the hearing performance of young children in everyday life.
METHODS
Thirteen children aged -lt;4 years were fitted with the RONDO 2 speech processor at the first activation of the cochlear implant. They were evaluated with the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire, LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire, and the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale 12 pre-implantation. In addition to these measures, they were evaluated with the Audio Processor Satisfaction Questionnaire post-implantation. Duration of daily use and troubleshooting data were acquired. Evaluation occurred at 4 time points: before implantation and 1, 3, and 12 months post-initial activation.
RESULTS
Ten out of 13 children continued using RONDO 2 after the study. Twelve months after implantation, they used it on average 11.6 hours per day and had an average Audio Processor Satisfaction Questionnaire score of 9.1 out of 10. Average hearing performance scores continuously improved throughout the follow-up period across measures. Twelve months after implantation, the mean scores were 30.1 out of 35 for the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire, 19.9 out of 27 for the LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire, and 7.4 out of 10 for the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale 12.
CONCLUSION
Participants demonstrated high levels of satisfaction and good hearing performance with RONDO 2, which indicates that this single-unit processor could be a viable and comfortable alternative to behind-the-ear processors in young children, although larger controlled experiments are warranted.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Cochlear Implants; Cochlear Implantation; Hearing; Speech Perception; Hearing Tests
PubMed: 38088315
DOI: 10.5152/iao.2023.22979 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021The leakage of hazardous gases and chemical vapors is considered one of the dangerous accidents that can occur in laboratories, workshops, warehouses, and industrial... (Review)
Review
The leakage of hazardous gases and chemical vapors is considered one of the dangerous accidents that can occur in laboratories, workshops, warehouses, and industrial sites that use or store these substances. The early detection and alarming of hazardous gases and volatile chemicals are significant to keep the safety conditions for the people and life forms who are work in and live around these places. In this paper, we investigate the available mobile detection and alarming systems for toxic, hazardous gases and volatile chemicals, especially in the laboratory environment. We included papers from January 2010 to August 2021 which may have the newest used sensors technologies and system components. We identified (236) papers from Clarivate Web of Science (WoS), IEEE, ACM Library, Scopus, and PubMed. Paper selection has been done based on a fast screening of the title and abstract, then a full-text reading was applied to filter the selected papers that resulted in (42) eligible papers. The main goal of this work is to discuss the available mobile hazardous gas detection and alarming systems based on several technical details such as the used gas detection technology (simple element, integrated, smart, etc.), sensor manufacturing technology (catalytic bead, MEMS, MOX, etc.) the sensor specifications (warm-up time, lifetime, response time, precision, etc.), processor type (microprocessor, microcontroller, PLC, etc.), and type of the used communication technology (Bluetooth/BLE, Wi-Fi/RF, ZigBee/XBee, LoRa, etc.). In this review, attention will be focused on the improvement of the detection and alarming system of hazardous gases with the latest invention in sensors, processors, communication, and battery technologies.
Topics: Gases; Humans; Laboratories
PubMed: 34884132
DOI: 10.3390/s21238128 -
International Journal of Food Science 2022Baobab fruit demand has been on the rise in the recent past, and in an attempt to match the demand, farmers and middlemen are forced to harvest immature fruits which are...
Baobab fruit demand has been on the rise in the recent past, and in an attempt to match the demand, farmers and middlemen are forced to harvest immature fruits which are not fully dried. To ensure an acceptable moisture content, baobab fruits are subjected to solar drying, which is a slow process and often carried out in open and unhygienic conditions raising safety concerns. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial and aflatoxin contamination levels in ready-to-eat baobab products from selected formal and informal processors in specific counties of Kenya. Selected processed baobab products were sampled randomly from formal and informal processors and analyzed for the total aerobic count, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and molds, ergosterol, aflatoxins, moisture, and water activity. The moisture and water activity of baobab pulp and candies from formal processors ranged between 7.73% and 15.06% and 0.532 and 0.740 compared to those from informal processors which ranged from 10.50% to 23.47% and 0.532 to 0.751, respectively. In this study, baobab pulp from formal processors had significantly ( = 0.0008, 0.0006) lower Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and molds loads (0.7 ± 0.29 and 3.1 ± 0.38 log 10 CFU/g, respectively) than pulp from informal processors (3.1 ± 0.70 and 5.3 ± 0.11 log 10 CFU/g, respectively). Similarly, the Enterobacteriaceae counts of candies from formal processors (nondetectable) were considerably lower ( = 0.015) than those from informal processors (1.8 ± 0.56 log 10 CFU/g). The ergosterol content in these baobab product samples ranged between 0.46 and 1.92 mg/100 g while the aflatoxin content ranged between 3.93 and 11.09 × 103 g/kg, respectively. Fungal and aflatoxin contamination was detected in 25% and 5% of pulp from formal and informal processors, respectively, and in 5% of candies from informal processors. Microbial contamination in processed baobab products shows an unhygienic processing environment while the fungal and aflatoxin contamination may indicate poor postharvest handling, transport, and storage conditions of baobab fruits along the baobab value chain.
PubMed: 35252436
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2577222 -
IScience Jan 2022Biological visual system can efficiently handle optical information within the retina and visual cortex of the brain, which suggests an alternative approach for the... (Review)
Review
Biological visual system can efficiently handle optical information within the retina and visual cortex of the brain, which suggests an alternative approach for the upgrading of the current low-intelligence, large energy consumption, and complex circuitry of the artificial vision system for high-performance edge computing applications. In recent years, retinomorphic machine vision based on the integration of optoelectronic image sensors and processors has been regarded as a promising candidate to improve this phenomenon. This novel intelligent machine vision technology can perform information preprocessing near or even within the sensor in the front end, thereby reducing the transmission of redundant raw data and improving the efficiency of the back-end processor for high-level computing tasks. In this contribution, we try to present a comprehensive review on the recent progress achieved in this emergent field.
PubMed: 35072015
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103729 -
Physical Review Letters May 2023Despite the development of increasingly capable quantum computers, an experimental demonstration of a provable algorithmic quantum speedup employing today's...
Despite the development of increasingly capable quantum computers, an experimental demonstration of a provable algorithmic quantum speedup employing today's non-fault-tolerant devices has remained elusive. Here, we unequivocally demonstrate such a speedup within the oracular model, quantified in terms of the scaling with the problem size of the time-to-solution metric. We implement the single-shot Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm, which solves the problem of identifying a hidden bitstring that changes after every oracle query, using two different 27-qubit IBM Quantum superconducting processors. The speedup is observed on only one of the two processors when the quantum computation is protected by dynamical decoupling but not without it. The quantum speedup reported here does not rely on any additional assumptions or complexity-theoretic conjectures and solves a bona fide computational problem in the setting of a game with an oracle and a verifier.
PubMed: 37295120
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.210602 -
Nature Sep 2020The successful operation of quantum computers relies on protecting qubits from decoherence and noise, which-if uncorrected-will lead to erroneous results. Because these...
The successful operation of quantum computers relies on protecting qubits from decoherence and noise, which-if uncorrected-will lead to erroneous results. Because these errors accumulate during an algorithm, correcting them is a key requirement for large-scale and fault-tolerant quantum information processors. Besides computational errors, which can be addressed by quantum error correction, the carrier of the information can also be completely lost or the information can leak out of the computational space. It is expected that such loss errors will occur at rates that are comparable to those of computational errors. Here we experimentally implement a full cycle of qubit loss detection and correction on a minimal instance of a topological surface code in a trapped-ion quantum processor. The key technique used for this correction is a quantum non-demolition measurement performed via an ancillary qubit, which acts as a minimally invasive probe that detects absent qubits while imparting the smallest quantum mechanically possible disturbance to the remaining qubits. Upon detecting qubit loss, a recovery procedure is triggered in real time that maps the logical information onto a new encoding on the remaining qubits. Although the current demonstration is performed in a trapped-ion quantum processor, the protocol is applicable to other quantum computing architectures and error correcting codes, including leading two- and three-dimensional topological codes. These deterministic methods provide a complete toolbox for the correction of qubit loss that, together with techniques that mitigate computational errors, constitute the building blocks of complete and scalable quantum error correction.
PubMed: 32908267
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2667-0 -
Biosensors Apr 2022Correlation has a variety of applications that require signal processing. However, it is computationally intensive, and software correlators require high-performance...
Correlation has a variety of applications that require signal processing. However, it is computationally intensive, and software correlators require high-performance processors for real-time data analysis. This is a challenge for embedded devices because of the limitation of computing resources. Hardware correlators that use Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology can significantly boost computational power and bridge the gap between the need for high-performance computing and the limited processing power available in embedded devices. This paper presents a detailed FPGA-based correlator design at the register level along with the open-source Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code. It includes base modules for linear and multi-tau correlators of varying sizes. Every module implements a simple and unified data interface for easy integration with standard and publicly available FPGA modules. Eighty-lag linear and multi-tau correlators were built for validation of the design. Three input data sets-constant signal, pulse signal, and sine signal-were used to test the accuracy of the correlators. The results from the FPGA correlators were compared against the outputs of equivalent software correlators and validated with the corresponding theoretical values. The FPGA correlators returned results identical to those from the software references for all tested data sets and were proven to be equivalent to their software counterparts. Their computation speed is at least 85,000 times faster than the software correlators running on a Xilinx MicroBlaze processor. The FPGA correlator can be easily implemented, especially on System on a Chip (SoC) integrated circuits that have processor cores and FPGA fabric. It is the ideal component for device-on-chip solutions in biosensing.
Topics: Computers; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Software
PubMed: 35448296
DOI: 10.3390/bios12040236 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019It is widely recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology and their subfields, such as nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanomechanics, have had a tremendous impact... (Review)
Review
It is widely recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology and their subfields, such as nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanomechanics, have had a tremendous impact on recent advances in sensing, imaging, and communication, with notable developments, including novel transistors and processor architectures. For example, in addition to being supremely fast, optical and photonic components and devices are capable of operating across multiple orders of magnitude length, power, and spectral scales, encompassing the range from macroscopic device sizes and kW energies to atomic domains and single-photon energies. The extreme versatility of the associated electromagnetic phenomena and applications, both classical and quantum, are therefore highly appealing to the rapidly evolving computing and communication realms, where innovations in both hardware and software are necessary to meet the growing speed and memory requirements. Development of all-optical components, photonic chips, interconnects, and processors will bring the speed of light, photon coherence properties, field confinement and enhancement, information-carrying capacity, and the broad spectrum of light into the high-performance computing, the internet of things, and industries related to cloud, fog, and recently edge computing. Conversely, owing to their extraordinary properties, 0D, 1D, and 2D materials are being explored as a physical basis for the next generation of logic components and processors. Carbon nanotubes, for example, have been recently used to create a new processor beyond proof of principle. These developments, in conjunction with neuromorphic and quantum computing, are envisioned to maintain the growth of computing power beyond the projected plateau for silicon technology. We survey the qualitative figures of merit of technologies of current interest for the next generation computing with an emphasis on edge computing.
PubMed: 31546907
DOI: 10.3390/s19184048