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Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2017Acne, the most common skin disease, is a disorder of pilosebaceous units that affects adolescents mainly and adults occasionally. The pathogenesis is multifactorial.... (Review)
Review
Acne, the most common skin disease, is a disorder of pilosebaceous units that affects adolescents mainly and adults occasionally. The pathogenesis is multifactorial. Besides genetic predisposition, other major factors include the action of androgens, pro-inflammatory lipids acting as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the sebocytes, toll-like receptor-2 acting on keratinocytes, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, chemokines, inflammasomes, neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms, diet and other pro-inflammatory targets implicated in the activation of immune detection and response. Most of these factors converge on mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1) activation which is further enhanced by the nutrient signaling of Western diet. This multitude of pathogenic factors has led to a new armamentarium of drugs for the treatment of acne. Topical anti-androgens, insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-modulators, acetylcholine inhibitors, topical retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agents, vitamin D analogues, antimicrobial peptides, interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β blockers and immunotherapy are some of the novel treatment options.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Topical; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28195079
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.199581 -
Journal of Photochemistry and... Jan 2018Bacterial resistance to available antibiotics nowadays is a global threat leading researchers around the world to study new treatment modalities for infections....
Bacterial resistance to available antibiotics nowadays is a global threat leading researchers around the world to study new treatment modalities for infections. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered an effective and promising therapeutic alternative in this scenario. Briefly, this therapy is based on the activation of a non-toxic photosensitizing agent, known as photosensitizer (PS), by light at a specific wavelength generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen and free radicals. Virtually all studies related to aPDT involve a huge screening to identify ideal PS concentration and light dose combinations, a laborious and time-consuming process that is hardly disclosed in the literature. Herein, we describe an antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) study against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes employing methylene blue, chlorin-e6 or curcumin as PS. Similarities and discrepancies between the two bacterial species were pointed out in an attempt to speed up and facilitate futures studies against those clinical relevant strains. Susceptibility tests were performed by the broth microdilution method. Our results demonstrate that aPDT mediated by the three above-mentioned PS was effective in eliminating both gram-positive bacteria, although P. acnes showed remarkably higher susceptibility to aPDT when compared to E. faecalis. PS uptake assays revealed that P. acnes is 80 times more efficient than E. faecalis in internalizing all three PS molecules. Our results evidence that the cell wall structure is not a limiting feature when predicting bacterial susceptibility to aPDT treatment.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Chlorophyllides; Curcumin; Enterococcus faecalis; Light; Methylene Blue; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Propionibacterium acnes; Singlet Oxygen
PubMed: 29253813
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.035 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Jan 2019Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome are auto-inflammatory disorders manifesting as... (Review)
Review
Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome are auto-inflammatory disorders manifesting as chronic inflammation of bones and joints, which in SAPHO is often accompanying by skin changes. The aetiology of these diseases is unknown, but includes genetic, infectious and immunological components. It has been proposed that Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes plays a role in the pathogenesis. In this review, we summarise reported cases of CNO or SAPHO syndrome in which C. acnes has been isolated from bones. To identify cases, a search was done in May 2018 using the MEDLINE Ovid interface (1946 to present). We found 14 publications reporting 98 patients with auto-inflammatory bone disorders, of whom 48 (49%) had positive bone biopsies for C. acnes. This bacterium was more frequently isolated from open biopsies than percutaneous ones (43/69 (62%) vs 1/7 (14%); p = 0.04) and biopsies were more frequently positive in patients who presented with simultaneous skin manifestations (19/36 (53%) vs 4/12 (33%); p = 0.03).Conclusion: In patients with CNO or SAPHO, C. acnes can be isolated from open biopsies suggesting that in these patients, C. acnes might be a pathogen rather than a contaminant. The fact that biopsies are more frequently positive in patients who present with simultaneous skin manifestations suggests that these individuals might have a genetic predisposition for impaired clearance of C. acnes. What is known • Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome are auto-inflammatory disorders manifesting as inflammation of bones. Both diseases are an important differential diagnosis in children who present with symptoms of (multifocal) osteomyelitis. • The pathogenesis of CNO and SAPHO is multifactorial emcompassing genetic, infectious and immunological components, including interleukin (IL)-1 dysregulation. There is a controversy as to whether Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes plays a role in the aetiology of CNO and SAPHO. It has been postulated that the presence of C. acnes might trigger auto-inflammatory chronic inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals. What is new • In patients with CNO or SAPHO, C. acnes can be isolated more frequently from open biopsies, than from percutaneous ones, suggesting that C. acnes might be a pathogen rather than a contaminant. • Biopsies are more frequently positive in patients who present with simultaneous skin manifestations suggesting that these individuals might have a genetic predisposition for impaired clearance of C. acnes. Impaired C. acnes clearance likely leads to increased IL-1 beta (β) production by skin cells, bone cells and phagocytes, which is one of the main cytokines underlying chronic inflammatory bone disorders.
Topics: Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone and Bones; Child; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Propionibacterium acnes; Young Adult
PubMed: 30324232
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3263-2 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Nov 2017Propionibacterium acnes has recently gained attention as the leading cause of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) after shoulder arthroplasty. Unlike PJIs in the... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium acnes has recently gained attention as the leading cause of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) after shoulder arthroplasty. Unlike PJIs in the lower extremity, PJIs after shoulder arthroplasty usually have an indolent course and are notoriously difficult to diagnose. Most of the time, the diagnosis is made after positive intraoperative cultures are taken at the time of revision surgery. Adding even more complexity to the diagnosis is the high rate of P acnes-positive cultures taken at the time of primary shoulder surgery. In many cases the preoperative workup yields no suspicion for infection; however, intraoperative cultures are taken to completely eliminate the potential of an ongoing indolent infection. Concerns over how to interpret positive P acnes culture results and the high rate of culture positivity in primary shoulder arthroplasty, as well as the potentially high rate of contamination, have led surgeons to wonder about the utility of obtaining intraoperative cultures at the time of revision shoulder arthroplasty. We present evidence for and against the practice of obtaining routine intraoperative cultures at the time of seemingly aseptic revision shoulder arthroplasty.
Topics: Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder; Diagnostic Errors; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Medical Overuse; Propionibacterium acnes; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 28865964
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.07.006 -
Annales de Dermatologie Et de... Jan 2019Since its discovery, Propionibacterium acnes has undergone various name changes, and has been known since 2016, as Cutibacterium acnes. Herein we set out the history...
Since its discovery, Propionibacterium acnes has undergone various name changes, and has been known since 2016, as Cutibacterium acnes. Herein we set out the history and rational of these taxonomic changes together with a description of a new genus, Cutibacterium, which includes five species within the cutaneous ecosystem. Modern microbiological techniques allow finer distinction between species and subspecies while also enabling the identification of separate subtypes within the population of Cutibacterium acnes. Phylogeny and molecular typing techniques thus provide a better understanding of the subtypes involved in certain inflammatory skin diseases, including acne, folliculitis and progressive macular hypomelanosis.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Humans; Molecular Typing; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 30558958
DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2018.11.002 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Nov 2016The presence of opportunistic pathogens such as Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) may contribute to the endodontic pathology. The presence of P. acnes may be influenced...
OBJECTIVES
The presence of opportunistic pathogens such as Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) may contribute to the endodontic pathology. The presence of P. acnes may be influenced by different endodontic conditions. The aims of the study were firstly, to identify P. acnes within the whole cultivable microbiota of primary endodontic infections, to investigate which P. acnes phylotypes predominate in such infections and secondly to determine if the presence of an "open" communication (e.g. a sinus) can be associated with the isolation of P. acnes from the root canal.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The predominant cultivable microbiota of 15 primary endodontic lesions (7 without communication with the oral environment and 8 with an open communication) were identified using partial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. The identification of the organism was determined by interrogating the Human Oral Microbiome Database. The P. acnes isolates were typed on the basis of the recA gene sequence comparison. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed using MEGA 4.1 with the inclusion of known recA sequences.
RESULTS
There was no difference in the number of species identified from lesions without communication (5.86 ± 3.7) and those with communication (5.37 ± 3.6) (P > 0.05). PCR-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed P. acnes as the most prevalent isolate recovered from lesions with communication. recA gene sequencing revealed two phylogenetic lineages present in lesion with communication, with mainly type I (further split into type IA and type IB) and type II.
CONCLUSIONS
The presence of P. acnes as opportunistic pathogens has been confirmed and may sustain the traits observed in specific clinical presentations.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Clinical management of open lesions may require further disinfection to eliminate opportunistic bacteria.
Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Opportunistic Infections; Oral Fistula; Propionibacterium acnes; Pulpitis
PubMed: 26856712
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1739-x -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Sep 2017We have investigated the accumulation of porphyrins in Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) by 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA) and its esters, ALA methyl ester...
We have investigated the accumulation of porphyrins in Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) by 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA) and its esters, ALA methyl ester hydrochloride (mALA), ALA octyl ester hydrochloride (oALA), and ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride (bALA). From the fluorescence spectra of porphyrins accumulated in P.acnes, the order of porphyrin accumulation is as follows: ALA≫mALA≈bALA>oALA (≈0). Moreover, the PDT efficacy is reduced in the order of ALA>mALA≈bALA>oALA (≈without additives). These results confirm that ALA is superior to ALA esters in accumulating porphyrins in P.acnes.
Topics: Cell Line; Esters; Levulinic Acids; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Propionibacterium acnes; Aminolevulinic Acid
PubMed: 28624551
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.004 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Jul 2015Propionibacterium acnes was found in lungs and lymph nodes of patients with sarcoidosis and may induce hypersensitivity type granuloma formation. Data regarding the...
BACKGROUND
Propionibacterium acnes was found in lungs and lymph nodes of patients with sarcoidosis and may induce hypersensitivity type granuloma formation. Data regarding the immune response to P. acnes of European sarcoid patients are scarce.
METHODS
We assessed the total IgG and IgA amount and specific antibodies to P. acnes and to Staphylococcus aureus, serving as a control, in BAL fluid of 64 patients with sarcoidosis and of 21 healthy volunteers. In a subcohort of sarcoid patients and controls, TNF-α and GM-CSF production of BAL cells stimulated with heat-killed P. acnes were measured.
RESULTS
In sarcoid patients, the total IgG and IgA levels in BAL fluid were significantly elevated compared to healthy volunteers. IgG and IgA titres against P. acnes and S. aureus were increased in sarcoid patients, yet based on the total amount of antibodies, only antibodies directed against P. acnes were relatively and significantly increased. Furthermore, BAL cells of sarcoid patients produced significantly more TNF-α and GM-CSF upon stimulation with heat-killed P. acnes compared to controls.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with sarcoidosis had elevated levels of specific antibodies against P. acnes which suggest contact with this bacterium in the past. Furthermore, BAL cells of sarcoid patients produced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and GM-CSF) upon stimulation with P. acnes indicating potential involvement of this pathogen in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis in some patients.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Propionibacterium acnes; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 26204953
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0070-7 -
Experimental Dermatology Sep 2020Current experimental research on acne pathophysiology has revealed a more complicated background than the classically reported four-factor aetiology. Cells of the... (Review)
Review
Current experimental research on acne pathophysiology has revealed a more complicated background than the classically reported four-factor aetiology. Cells of the pilosebaceous unit, which represent the template for the development of acne lesions, seem to be parallelly affected by endocrinological/metabolic factors as well as inflammatory/immunological ones that cooperate in sebocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Indeed, the unique programme of sebocyte terminal differentiation and death, the so called holocrine secretion, is influenced by inflammatory and metabolic (lipid) signalling with common denominator the selective regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Autophagy provides substrates for energy generation and biosynthesis of new cell structure proteins contributing to the normally increased sebaceous gland metabolic functions, which are also regulated by extracellular calcium signalling, essential lipids and hormones. The ultimate differentiation product of human sebocytes, sebum, co-regulates the inflammatory sebocyte status. Sebum composition is controlled among others by Propionibacterium acnes and other bacteria, sexual hormones, neuropeptides, endogenous opioids and environmental agents, which may function as endocrine disruptors. Diet may also be an important source of substrates for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sebaceous lipids. Sebum changes might induce inflammation and initiate underlying immune mechanisms leading to acne lesions. Current new therapeutic efforts on acne concentrate on anti-inflammatory/immunologically active concepts, which are able to regulate sebaceous lipogenesis. At last, current molecular studies based on published molecular data sets confirmed the major role of inflammation in acne development.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Hormones; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lipogenesis; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; Sebum
PubMed: 32779248
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14172 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2023The aim: To define antimicrobial properties of 50%, 70% and 90% ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens L. against macrolide resistant (MLS-resistant) skin isolates of...
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To define antimicrobial properties of 50%, 70% and 90% ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens L. against macrolide resistant (MLS-resistant) skin isolates of staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes, and to determine MIC and MBC of investigated extracts.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: Extracts were prepared by the method of maceration. Bacterial cultures were identified by biochemical microtests. Identification of MLS-resistance type was performed by using disc-diffusion method. The MIC and MBC were determined by serial two-fold dilution of ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens L. in MHB and HBB for staphylococci and P. acnes, respectively. Bacterial growth in each well was assayed by absorption at 495 nm, using a spectrophotometer SynergyTMHTX S1LFTA (BioTek Instruments, Inc., USA).
RESULTS
Results: All ethanolic extracts of garden ruta were active against all staphylococci and P. acnes skin isolates and showed exclusively bactericidal activity (MBC/MIC ratios ranged from 1 to 2) against all investigated strains. 90% extract of Ruta graveolens L. showed better results than 50% and 70% extracts - average MIC and MBC concentations for P. acnes strains were 1.38«0.66 mg/mL and for staphylococcal strains average MIC was 2.1«1.16 mg/mL and MBC - 2.86«1.2 mg/mL.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: 50%, 70% and 90% ethanolic garden ruta extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against main skin pathogens, responsible for acnes vulgaris development - S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P. acnes. No difference in susceptibility between resistance and sensitive strains of staphylococci and P. acnes indicate that acquired MLS-resistance of investigated skin isolates does not affect on the level of their sensitivity to ruta extracts.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcus; Ruta; Propionibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus aureus; Skin; Acne Vulgaris; Ethanol; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37622509
DOI: 10.36740/WLek202307119