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American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Jun 2019Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Multiple factors contribute to the disease, including skin microbes. The skin... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Multiple factors contribute to the disease, including skin microbes. The skin microbiome in the follicle is composed of a diverse group of microorganisms. Among them, Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia spp. have been linked to acne development through their influence on sebum secretion, comedone formation, and inflammatory response. Antibiotics targeting P. acnes have been the mainstay in acne treatment for the past four decades. Among them, macrolides, clindamycin, and tetracyclines are the most widely prescribed. As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasing concern in clinical practice, understanding the skin microbiome associated with acne and the effects of antibiotic use on the skin commensals is highly relevant and critical to clinicians. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the composition and dynamics of the skin microbiome in acne and the effects of antibiotic treatment on skin microbes.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Hair Follicle; Humans; Malassezia; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; Symbiosis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30632097
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-00417-3 -
Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates.Journal of the European Academy of... Jun 2018While the commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is involved in the maintenance of a healthy skin, it can also act as an opportunistic pathogen in acne... (Review)
Review
While the commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is involved in the maintenance of a healthy skin, it can also act as an opportunistic pathogen in acne vulgaris. The latest findings on P. acnes shed light on the critical role of a tight equilibrium between members of its phylotypes and within the skin microbiota in the development of this skin disease. Indeed, contrary to what was previously thought, proliferation of P. acnes is not the trigger of acne as patients with acne do not harbour more P. acnes in follicles than normal individuals. Instead, the loss of the skin microbial diversity together with the activation of the innate immunity might lead to this chronic inflammatory condition. This review provides results of the most recent biochemical and genomic investigations that led to the new taxonomic classification of P. acnes renamed Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), and to the better characterisation of its phylogenetic cluster groups. Moreover, the latest data on the role of C. acnes and its different phylotypes in acne are presented, providing an overview of the factors that could participate in the virulence and in the antimicrobial resistance of acne-associated strains. Overall, this emerging key information offers new perspectives in the treatment of acne, with future innovative strategies focusing on C. acnes biofilms and/or on its acne-associated phylotypes.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 29894579
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15043 -
Boletin Medico Del Hospital Infantil de... 2022Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production,... (Review)
Review
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production, inflammation of the sebaceous follicle, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes have been traditionally implicated. However, the diet has also been highlighted in the pathogenesis because of its direct relation with some biochemical markers and the transcription of specific genes associated with sebaceous gland activity, inflammation, and bacterial proliferation, which together promote the development of the disease, affect the severity of the condition, and modify its response to treatment.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Diet; Humans; Inflammation; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebum
PubMed: 35468121
DOI: 10.24875/BMHIM.21000088 -
F1000Research 2018The skin commensal , recently renamed , along with the other major pathophysiological factors of increased seborrhea, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, and... (Review)
Review
The skin commensal , recently renamed , along with the other major pathophysiological factors of increased seborrhea, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, and inflammation, has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. Recent advances have contributed to our understanding of the role of in acne. Although there are no quantitative differences in of the skin of patients with acne compared with controls, the phylogenic groups display distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics, biofilms are more frequent in acne, and different phylotypes may induce distinct immune responses in acne. plays a further important role in the homeostasis of the skin's microbiome, interacting with other cutaneous commensal or pathogenic microorganisms such as , , and species. In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the selection of acne treatment targeting and the prevention of antibiotic resistance play a key role in improving outcomes in acne patients and public health.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin
PubMed: 30613388
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15659.1 -
Microbiome Oct 2018Acne is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide and results in major health care costs and significant morbidity to severely affected individuals. However, the... (Review)
Review
Acne is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide and results in major health care costs and significant morbidity to severely affected individuals. However, the pathophysiology of this disorder is not well understood. Host-microbiome interactions that affect both innate and adaptive immune homeostasis appear to be a central factor in this disease, with recent observations suggesting that the composition and activities of the microbiota in acne is perturbed. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes; formerly Propionibacterium acnes) are two major inhabitants of the skin that are thought to contribute to the disease but are also known to promote health by inhibiting the growth and invasion of pathogens. Because C. acnes is ubiquitous in sebaceous-rich skin, it is typically labeled as the etiological agent of acne yet it fails to fulfill all of Koch's postulates. The outdated model of acne progression proposes that increased sebum production promotes over-proliferation of C. acnes in a plugged hair follicle, thereby driving inflammation. In contrast, growing evidence indicates that C. acnes is equally abundant in both unaffected and acne-affected follicles. Moreover, recent advances in metagenomic sequencing of the acne microbiome have revealed a diverse population structure distinct from healthy individuals, uncovering new lineage-specific virulence determinants. In this article, we review recent developments in the interactions of skin microbes with host immunity, discussing the contribution of dysbiosis to the immunobiology of acne and newly emerging skin microbiome-based therapeutics to treat acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Dysbiosis; Hair Follicle; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 30285861
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0558-5 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Sep 2013The human skin microbiome has important roles in skin health and disease. However, bacterial population structure and diversity at the strain level is poorly understood....
The human skin microbiome has important roles in skin health and disease. However, bacterial population structure and diversity at the strain level is poorly understood. We compared the skin microbiome at the strain level and genome level of Propionibacterium acnes, a dominant skin commensal, between 49 acne patients and 52 healthy individuals by sampling the pilosebaceous units on their noses. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that although the relative abundances of P. acnes were similar, the strain population structures were significantly different in the two cohorts. Certain strains were highly associated with acne, and other strains were enriched in healthy skin. By sequencing 66 previously unreported P. acnes strains and comparing 71 P. acnes genomes, we identified potential genetic determinants of various P. acnes strains in association with acne or health. Our analysis suggests that acquired DNA sequences and bacterial immune elements may have roles in determining virulence properties of P. acnes strains, and some could be future targets for therapeutic interventions. This study demonstrates a previously unreported paradigm of commensal strain populations that could explain the pathogenesis of human diseases. It underscores the importance of strain-level analysis of the human microbiome to define the role of commensals in health and disease.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Genomics; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Metagenome; Propionibacterium acnes; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal; Ribotyping; Sebaceous Glands; Skin; Young Adult
PubMed: 23337890
DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.21 -
Cell May 2016Biogeography and individuality shape the structural and functional composition of the human skin microbiome. To explore these factors' contribution to skin microbial...
Biogeography and individuality shape the structural and functional composition of the human skin microbiome. To explore these factors' contribution to skin microbial community stability, we generated metagenomic sequence data from longitudinal samples collected over months and years. Analyzing these samples using a multi-kingdom, reference-based approach, we found that despite the skin's exposure to the external environment, its bacterial, fungal, and viral communities were largely stable over time. Site, individuality, and phylogeny were all determinants of stability. Foot sites exhibited the most variability; individuals differed in stability; and transience was a particular characteristic of eukaryotic viruses, which showed little site-specificity in colonization. Strain and single-nucleotide variant-level analysis showed that individuals maintain, rather than reacquire, prevalent microbes from the environment. Longitudinal stability of skin microbial communities generates hypotheses about colonization resistance and empowers clinical studies exploring alterations observed in disease states.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; DNA Viruses; Fungi; Homeostasis; Humans; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Symbiosis; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 27153496
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.008 -
BioMed Research International 2013
Topics: Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 24455697
DOI: 10.1155/2013/493564 -
Science Translational Medicine Feb 2022Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes....
Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes. However, the role of this process in noninfectious human diseases is unknown. To investigate the potential role of adipogenesis by dermal fibroblasts in acne, a disorder triggered by , single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on human acne lesions and mouse skin challenged by . A transcriptome consistent with adipogenesis was observed within specific fibroblast subsets from human acne and mouse skin lesions infected with . Perifollicular dermal preadipocytes in human acne and mouse skin lesions showed colocalization of PREF1, an early marker of adipogenesis, and cathelicidin (), an antimicrobial peptide. This capacity of to specifically trigger production of cathelicidin in preadipocytes was dependent on TLR2. Treatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid (RA) suppressed the capacity of to form acne-like lesions, inhibited adipogenesis, and enhanced cathelicidin expression in preadipocytes, but lesions were unresponsive in mice, despite the anti-adipogenic action of RA. Analysis of inflamed skin of acne patients after retinoid treatment also showed enhanced induction of cathelicidin, a previously unknown beneficial effect of retinoids in difficult-to-treat acne. Overall, these data provide evidence that adipogenic fibroblasts are a critical component of the pathogenesis of acne and represent a potential target for therapy.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Mice; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcus aureus; Tretinoin
PubMed: 35171653
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1478 -
Nature Oct 2014The varied topography of human skin offers a unique opportunity to study how the body's microenvironments influence the functional and taxonomic composition of microbial...
The varied topography of human skin offers a unique opportunity to study how the body's microenvironments influence the functional and taxonomic composition of microbial communities. Phylogenetic marker gene-based studies have identified many bacteria and fungi that colonize distinct skin niches. Here metagenomic analyses of diverse body sites in healthy humans demonstrate that local biogeography and strong individuality define the skin microbiome. We developed a relational analysis of bacterial, fungal and viral communities, which showed not only site specificity but also individual signatures. We further identified strain-level variation of dominant species as heterogeneous and multiphyletic. Reference-free analyses captured the uncharacterized metagenome through the development of a multi-kingdom gene catalogue, which was used to uncover genetic signatures of species lacking reference genomes. This work is foundational for human disease studies investigating inter-kingdom interactions, metabolic changes and strain tracking, and defines the dual influence of biogeography and individuality on microbial composition and function.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Female; Genome, Bacterial; Genome, Fungal; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Metagenome; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Symbiosis
PubMed: 25279917
DOI: 10.1038/nature13786