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BioMed Research International 2017Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most frequent reasons for painful shoulder arthroplasties and revision surgery of shoulder arthroplasties. is one of... (Review)
Review
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most frequent reasons for painful shoulder arthroplasties and revision surgery of shoulder arthroplasties. is one of the microorganisms that most often causes the infection. However, this slow growing microorganism is difficult to detect. This paper presents an overview of different diagnostic test to detect a periprosthetic shoulder infection. This includes nonspecific diagnostic tests and specific tests (with identifying the responsible microorganism). The aspiration can combine different specific and nonspecific tests. In dry aspiration and suspected joint infection, we recommend a biopsy. Several therapeutic options exist for the treatment of PJI of shoulder arthroplasties. In acute infections, the options include leaving the implant in place with open debridement, septic irrigation with antibacterial fluids like octenidine or polyhexanide solution, and exchange of all removable components. In late infections (more than four weeks after implantation) the therapeutic options are a permanent spacer, single-stage revision, and two-stage revision with a temporary spacer. The functional results are best after single-stage revisions with a success rate similar to two-stage revisions. For single-stage revisions, the microorganism should be known preoperatively so that specific antibiotics can be mixed into the cement for implantation of the new prosthesis and specific systemic antibiotic therapy can be applied to support the surgery.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthroplasty; Biopsy; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 29423407
DOI: 10.1155/2017/4582756 -
Journal of Photochemistry and... Jan 2020In our recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave (CW) blue light in vitro, but it...
In our recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave (CW) blue light in vitro, but it is not known that other bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), respond similarly to PBL. The high potency of PBL relative to CW blue light makes it a suitable antimicrobial for suppressing bacterial growth in biofilms as well. Therefore, we determined if MRSA-a deadly bacterium of global concern-is susceptible to 450 nm PBL irradiation in vitro, and ascertained whether the bactericidal effect of PBL on planktonic P. acnes culture can be replicated in biofilms of P. acnes and MRSA. In three series of experiments, we irradiated P. acnes and MRSA respectively, either in planktonic cultures, forming biofilms or formed biofilms. Compared to controls, the results showed 100% bacterial suppression in planktonic cultures of MRSA irradiated with 3 mW/cm irradiance and 7.6 J/cm radiant exposure three times at 30-minute intervals, and also in P. acnes cultures irradiated with 2 mW/cm irradiance 5 J/cm radiant exposure thrice daily during each of 3 days. Irradiation of biofilms with the same irradiances and radiant exposures that gave 100% bacterial suppression in planktonic cultures resulted in disruption and disassembly of the architecture of MRSA and P. acnes biofilms, more so in forming biofilms than formed biofilms. The antimicrobial effect on each bacterium was minimal in forming biofilms, and even less in formed biofilms. Increasing radiant exposure slightly from 7.6 J/cm to 10.8 J/cm without changing any other parameter, yielded more disruption of the biofilm and fewer live MRSA and P. acnes, suggesting that 100% bacterial suppression is possible with further refinement of the protocol. In both planktonic cultures and biofilms, PBL suppressed MRSA more than P. acnes.
Topics: Biofilms; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Light; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Propionibacterium acnes; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 31760372
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111702 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Aug 2023Increased drug resistance has significantly reduced the effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of . Therefore, there has been a trend toward the development...
Increased drug resistance has significantly reduced the effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of . Therefore, there has been a trend toward the development of new antimicrobial agents to circumvent drug resistance. In this study, we isolated and purified a novel bacteriocin, HA2-5, from HA2, which effectively killed through membrane disruption at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/mL. HA2-5 with 2× MIC was able to kill 99.9% of within 24 h. HA2-5 shows excellent stability and tolerance to temperature, pH, proteases, chemical reagents, UV radiation, and metal ions, with almost no loss of inhibitory activity after treatment. In addition, the very low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity suggest that HA2-5 is biosafe. Notably, HA2-5 exhibits preferred antibacterial activity against gram-positive pathogens with an MIC of 16-32 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study shows that bacteriocin HA2-5 has the potential to be used as an alternative to antibiotics for acne treatment.
Topics: Bacteriocins; Propionibacterium acnes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endopeptidases; Immune Tolerance
PubMed: 37587448
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04617 -
International Journal of Medical... Feb 2017Propionibacterium acnes has been considered as a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The interaction between P. acnes and the host is mainly...
Propionibacterium acnes has been considered as a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The interaction between P. acnes and the host is mainly mediated by Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 recognition. TLR2 homodimers recognize P. acnes in mice, but here we describe the prerequisite of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers in human cells for P. acnes recognition. P. acnes-induced NF-κB and AP-1activation observed in HEK hTLR2-transfected but not control cells confirmed the specificity of TLR2 recognition. The activation was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6, as well as the TLR2 antagonist CU-CPT22, which showed no selectivity towards human TLR2 heterodimers. The combination of anti-TLR1 and anti-TLR6 antibodies completely abrogated activation by P. acnes. In primary human keratinocytes, P. acnes-increased NF-κB phosphorylation was inhibited by anti-TLR6 and anti-TLR2 antibodies. Furthermore, P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses were impaired by anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibodies and fully blocked by CU-CPT22. Our study suggests species-specific recognition of P. acnes by TLR2 heterodimers which can be exploited therapeutically by small molecules targeting TLR2 for the control of inflammatory responses.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Keratinocytes; Propionibacterium acnes; Protein Binding; Protein Multimerization; Toll-Like Receptor 1; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 6
PubMed: 28024924
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.12.002 -
Glycobiology Mar 2022Propionibacterium acnes, though generally considered part of the normal flora of human skin, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with acne vulgaris as well as other...
Propionibacterium acnes, though generally considered part of the normal flora of human skin, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with acne vulgaris as well as other diseases, including endocarditis, endophthalmitis and prosthetic joint infections. Its virulence potential is also supported by knowledge gained from its sequenced genome. Indeed, a vaccine targeting a putative cell wall-anchored P. acnes sialidase has been shown to suppress cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine release induced by the organism, and is proposed as an alternative treatment for P. acnes-associated diseases. Here, we report the crystal structures of the surface sialidase and its complex with the transition-state mimic Neu5Ac2en. Our structural and kinetic analyses, together with insight from a glycan array screen, which probes subtle specificities of the sialidase for α-2,3-sialosides, provide a basis for the structure-based design of novel small-molecule therapeutics against P. acnes infections.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Humans; Neuraminidase; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin
PubMed: 34792586
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab094 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Mar 2015As the pathophysiology of acne is complex and multifactorial, the continued influx of new basic science and clinical information requires careful analysis before drawing... (Review)
Review
As the pathophysiology of acne is complex and multifactorial, the continued influx of new basic science and clinical information requires careful analysis before drawing conclusions about what truly contributes to the development and progression of this chronic disease. Our objective is to review the latest evidence and highlight a number of important perspectives on the pathophysiology of acne. An improved understanding of acne pathogenesis should lead to more rational therapy and a better understanding of the role of P acnes opens new perspectives for the development of new treatments and management. Further research may be directed at targeting receptors, adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines or other pro-inflammatory targets implicated in the activation of immune detection and response (i.e., toll-like receptors [TLRs], protease-activated receptors [PARs]) that appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of acne. Therapeutic options that reduce the need for topical and/or oral antibiotic therapy for acne are welcome as bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a clinically relevant concern both in the United States and globally.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebum
PubMed: 25738848
DOI: No ID Found -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2018Accumulating evidence suggests that () is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which...
Accumulating evidence suggests that () is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which induces IVDD have been unclear. In this study, we quantified the severity of IVDD, as well as the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2)/prostaglandin (PGE) in human intervertebral discs (IVDs) infected with . Compared with -negative IVDs, -positive IVDs showed increased iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activity concomitant with more severe IVDD. In order to detect the potential correlation between iNOS/NO expression, COX-2/PGE expression, and IVDD, we developed a -induced IVDD rat model and found that the upregulation of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE was essential to the occurrence of -induced IVDD. This finding was supported by the fact that the inhibition of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activity ameliorated IVDD significantly, as evidenced by restored aggrecan and collagen II expression both and . Mechanistically, we found that induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE expressions via a reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent NF-B cascade. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase participated in -induced ROS, iNOS/NO, and COX-2/PGE expressions. Overall, these findings further validated the involvement of in the pathology of IVDD and provided evidence that -induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activation via the ROS-dependent NF-B pathway is likely responsible for the pathology of IVDD.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Female; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Propionibacterium acnes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30210652
DOI: 10.1155/2018/3692752 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Science :... Jan 2020Recently, Propionibacterium acnes was reported to be involved in postsurgical outcomes. We investigated the detection rate of P. acnes and clinical features of...
BACKGROUND
Recently, Propionibacterium acnes was reported to be involved in postsurgical outcomes. We investigated the detection rate of P. acnes and clinical features of P. acnes infection following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
METHODS
Samples were collected from skin swabs before preparation, swabs of the synovium, sutures, and swabs from the arthroscope tip. We evaluated age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, preoperative contracture, operation time, blood test, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, cuff integrity, deep infection, and positive inoculation rate.
RESULTS
We studied 90 patients (59 men and 31 women). Mean age was 60.6 years. Cultures of P. acnes showed a 65.5% positive superficial colonization rate (78.0%, male; 41.9%, female). Among the synovium swabs, P. acnes was detected in 13.6% and 0% of patients positive and negative for skin colonization with P. acnes, respectively. Positive culture was not correlated with age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, preoperative contracture, blood test, JOA score, cuff integrity, deep infection, operation time, and blood test date.
CONCLUSIONS
P. acnes was detected at a higher rate in the skin of male patients. Patients with P. acnes detected on the skin showed higher rates of detection in the synovium. These findings suggest that the route of infection is via contamination.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic level III; Case-control study.
Topics: Aged; Arthroscopy; Case-Control Studies; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Propionibacterium acnes; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Surgical Instruments; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 30833222
DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2019.02.008 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Feb 2016In vitro, Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes) is highly susceptible to commonly used antibiotics and antiseptics, yet in vivo, it still causes postsurgical infections of...
BACKGROUND
In vitro, Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes) is highly susceptible to commonly used antibiotics and antiseptics, yet in vivo, it still causes postsurgical infections of the shoulder. We hypothesized that the local environment within the pilosebaceous glands protects P acnes and that incision of the skin transects these glands, exposing viable P acnes to the wound.
METHODS
Fifty consecutive patients undergoing open shoulder surgery were prospectively studied. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered to all patients. Microbiologic swabs of the skin surface were taken before and after skin preparation with 70% alcoholic chlorhexidine. The skin was incised, and a further swab and dermal biopsy specimen were taken.
RESULTS
P acnes was cultured in 21 of 50 prepreparation skin surface swabs (42%), 7 of 50 postpreparation skin surface swabs (14%), 26 of 50 dermal swabs (52%), and 20 of 50 dermal biopsy specimens (40%). There was a significantly higher incidence of P acnes growth from the skin surface (P = .009) and dermis (P = .01) of patients aged ≤50 years old and in the dermal biopsy specimens of patients undergoing revision surgery (P = .01) and a trend toward increased incidence of P acnes in men. P acnes growth from a prepreparation skin surface swab had a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 86%, and negative predictive value of 72% at predicting subsequent P acnes growth from the dermal swab or biopsy specimen.
CONCLUSIONS
Viable P acnes persists within the skin dermis, despite standard antimicrobial precautions. These findings suggest that incising the skin is likely to lead to deep seeding of the surgical wound, which has implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of postsurgical shoulder infections.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Chlorhexidine; Dermis; Epidermis; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Propionibacterium acnes; Prospective Studies; Reoperation; Sex Factors; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint; Surgical Wound Infection; Young Adult
PubMed: 26456428
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.002 -
Experimental Dermatology Mar 2021Acne is an inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit, involving four essential factors: hyperseborrhoea combined to a modification of sebum composition,...
Acne is an inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit, involving four essential factors: hyperseborrhoea combined to a modification of sebum composition, colonization by Cutibacterium (C.) acnes, hyperkeratinization and secreted inflammation. Understanding and mimicking compromised skin is essential to further develop appropriate therapeutic solutions. This study aimed to develop new in vitro 3D models mimicking acneic skin, by combining two main factors involved in the physiopathology, namely, altered sebum composition and C. acnes invasion. Normal human keratinocytes were first used to generate reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) that were then left untreated (control) or treated topically with a combination of both peroxidized squalene and C. acnes cultures. Once validated, this model considered relevant to mimic acneic skin, was further improved by using different phylotypes of C. acnes strains specifically isolated from healthy and acneic patients. While both phylotypes IB and II did not significantly alter RHE, C. acnes IA1 strains induce major acneic skin hallmarks such as hyperkeratinization, secreted inflammation and altered barrier function. Interestingly, these results are obtained independently of the origin of IA1 phylotypes (acneic vs. healthy patient), thus suggesting a role of the ecosystem in controlling C. acnes virulence in healthy skin. In conclusion, by combining two major factors involved in the physiopathology of acne, we (1) succeeded to design in vitro 3D models mimicking this skin disorder and (2) highlighted how C. acnes phylotypes can have an impact on epidermal physiology. These relevant models will be suitable for the substantiation of therapeutic molecules dedicated to acne treatment.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Cytokines; Epidermis; Humans; Keratinocytes; Models, Biological; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebum; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Squalene
PubMed: 33354825
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14268