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Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni Oct 2019Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare syndrome characterized by production of indigo (blue) and indirubin (red) pigments due to bacterial colonization in urinary... (Review)
Review
Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare syndrome characterized by production of indigo (blue) and indirubin (red) pigments due to bacterial colonization in urinary catheter. The pathogenesis of PUBS is related to the combination of these two pigments produced from the metabolism of tryptophan. Tryptophan turns into indole by deamination, indole turns into indoxyl sulphate by hepatic conjugation and indoxyl sulphate is secreted into urine. Sulphatases and phosphatases enzymes produced by bacteria like Providencia stuartii and Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp. and group B streptococci convert indoxyl sulphate to indoxyl. In the urinary tract, oxidation of indoxyl results in the production of indigo and indirubin pigments. These pigments react with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) lining of the urinary catheter bag and the reaction results purple discoloration of urine. Urine discoloration is very important clinical sign in the differential diagnosis of several pathological conditions such as hematuria, urinary system tumors and drug side effects and may be disquieting for patients, families and healthcare workers. Purple urine discoloration is rarely reported in the literature and it is generally associated with urinary tract infection. In this report, a 60 years old woman with a past medical history of significant chronic kidney disease undergoing regular hemodialysis, chronic constipation and hepatitis B was admitted to our neurology clinic because of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. She had confusion and right hemiplegia in her neurological examination and required urinary catheterization due to immobilization. Red coloration was observed in urine on the tenth hospital day. Although this coloration was thought to be hematuria, according to urine examination it was not hematuria. Then urine color turned into purple within two days. The next day, because of fever, full blood count and other blood investigations were performed and urine was sent to the laboratory for culture. Empirical piperacillin-tazobactam and teicoplanin antibiotic treatments were commenced. In the urine culture, 105 cfu/ml Enterococcus faecalis was isolated. According to the antibiotic susceptibility results the therapy was changed and meropenem was added to the treatment. For her constipation, supportive managements such as hydration, nutrition and laxative treatment were applied. After all the treatments, the patient's constipation regressed, the urine had become normal colored and the following urine cultures were not revealed any bacterial growth. As in this case, when the urine discoloration occurs, PUBS should be kept in mind which is especially seen in elderly female patients with chronic constipation, urinary catheterization, urinary tract infection and renal failure.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Catheters; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine
PubMed: 31709943
DOI: 10.5578/mb.68616 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2020This study aimed to investigate the effects of microbial inoculants (L) and molasses (M) on the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of barley silage after the aerobic...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of microbial inoculants (L) and molasses (M) on the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of barley silage after the aerobic stage. The addition of molasses and microbial inoculants improved the aerobic stability of barley silage. The ML silage, which had a low pH value and high lactic and acetic acid contents, remained aerobically stable for more than 216 h. The ML silage exhibited low bacterial and high fungal diversities. Microbial inoculants and molasses enriched the abundance of Lactobacillus in silage after aerobic exposure. The enrichment of L. buchneri was significant in ML silage at days 5 and 7 during the aerobic stage. The abundance of harmful microorganisms, such as aerobic bacterial including Acinetobacter, Providencia, Bacillus, and yeasts including Issatchenkia, Candida, and Kazachstania, were suppressed in ML silage. M and L had an impact on bacterial and fungal microbes, resulting in the improvement of fermentation quality and reduction of aerobic spoilage in barley silage.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Agricultural Inoculants; Bacteria; Fermentation; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hordeum; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Molasses; Mycobiome; Silage
PubMed: 32210338
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62290-7 -
Antibacterial properties and mechanism of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Providencia sp. DCX.Environmental Research Mar 2021Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted great interest as a potential antimicrobial agent. However, there is limited research on the antibacterial activity and...
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted great interest as a potential antimicrobial agent. However, there is limited research on the antibacterial activity and possible mechanisms of biosynthesized SeNPs. In this study, spherical bio-SeNPs with an average size of 120 nm were synthesized by strain Providencia sp. DCX. The SeNPs were further applied to investigate the antibacterial properties of model bacteria, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahemolyticus). The biosynthesized SeNPs demonstrated strong inhibition activity against the growth of these pathogens. When treated with 500 mg/L SeNPs, most of the tested bacteria were destructed within 12 h, among which the mortality rates of Gram-negative bacteria were much better. The leakage tests illustrated that there existed more proteins and polysaccharides outside the cells after reacted with bio-SeNPs. It was indicated that the leakages of proteins and polysaccharides were caused by permeability changes of membranes and the disruption of cell walls. And the change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intensity indicated that oxidative damage may play the significant role in the antibacterial processes. The results showed that several bacteria could be effectively inhibited and destructed, suggesting the potential of using the biosynthesized SeNPs as antibacterial agents for bacterial infectious diseases.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Providencia; Selenium
PubMed: 33345899
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110630 -
The American Journal of Cardiology Aug 2014Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist. However, the extent to which CKD increases the risk of thromboembolism in patients with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist. However, the extent to which CKD increases the risk of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular AF and the benefits of anticoagulation in this group remain unclear. We addressed the role of CKD in the prediction of thromboembolic events and the impact of anticoagulation using a meta-analysis method. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane (from inception to January 2014). Three independent reviewers selected studies. Descriptive and quantitative information was extracted from each selected study and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed. After screening 962 search results, 19 studies were considered eligible. Among patients with AF, the presence of CKD resulted in an increased risk of thromboembolism (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20 to 1.76, p = 0.0001), particularly in case of end-stage CKD (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.14, p <0.00001). Warfarin decreased the incidence of thromboembolic events in patients with non-end-stage CKD (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.86, p <0.00001). Recent data on novel oral anticoagulants suggested a higher efficacy of these agents compared with warfarin (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.96, p = 0.02) and aspirin (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55, p <0.0001) in treating non-end-stage CKD. In conclusion, the presence of CKD in patients with AF is associated with an almost 50% increased thromboembolic risk, which can be effectively decreased with appropriate antithrombotic therapy. Further prospective studies are needed to better evaluate the interest of anticoagulation in patients with severe CKD.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Global Health; Humans; Morbidity; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Thromboembolism
PubMed: 25001152
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.048 -
Journal of Bacteriology Aug 2020Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic compound with well-known antibacterial properties against pathogens. In this study, structural and biochemical characterization was...
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic compound with well-known antibacterial properties against pathogens. In this study, structural and biochemical characterization was used to show the inhibitory role of CGA against the enzyme of the shikimate pathway, a well-characterized drug target in several pathogens. Here, we report the crystal structures of dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), the second enzyme of the shikimate pathway, from (DHQS), in binary complex with NAD and ternary complex with NAD and CGA. Structural analyses reveal that CGA occupies the substrate position in the active site of DHQS, which disables domain movements, leaving the enzyme in an open and catalysis-incompetent state. The binding analyses by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) show that CGA binds to DHQS with (equilibrium dissociation constant) values of 6.3 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. nzyme inhibition studies show that CGA inhibits DHQS with a of 235 ± 21 μM, while it inhibits the growth of , , , and with MIC values of 60 to 100 μM. In the presence of aromatic amino acids supplied externally, CGA does not show the toxic effect. These results, along with the observations of the inhibition of the 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) regulatory domain by CGA in our previous study, suggest that CGA binds to shikimate pathway enzymes with high affinity and inhibits their catalysis and can be further exploited for designing novel drug-like molecules. The shikimate pathway is an attractive target for the development of herbicides and antimicrobial agents, as it is essential in plants, bacteria, and apicomplexan parasites but absent in humans. The enzymes of shikimate pathway are conserved among bacteria. Thus, the inhibitors of the shikimate pathway act on wide range of pathogens. We have identified that chlorogenic acid targets the enzymes of the shikimate pathway. The crystal structure of dehydroquinate synthase, the second enzyme of the pathway, in complex with chlorogenic acid and enzymatic inhibition studies explains the mechanism of inhibition of chlorogenic acid. These results suggest that chlorogenic acid has a good chemical scaffold and have important implications for its further development as a potent inhibitor of shikimate pathway enzymes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Catalytic Domain; Chlorogenic Acid; Kinetics; Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases; Protein Binding; Providencia; Shikimic Acid
PubMed: 32661075
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00248-20 -
Microorganisms Apr 2023A wide array of bacteria and fungi are known for their association with pests that impact the health of the olive tree. The latter presents the most economically...
A wide array of bacteria and fungi are known for their association with pests that impact the health of the olive tree. The latter presents the most economically important cultivation in Tunisia. The microbial diversity associated with olive orchards in Tunisia remains unknown and undetermined. This study investigated microbial diversity to elucidate the microbial interactions that lead to olive disease, and the bio-prospects for potential microbial biocontrol agents associated with insect pests of economic relevance for olive cultivation in the Mediterranean area. Bacterial and fungal isolation was made from soil and olive tree pests. A total of 215 bacterial and fungal strains were randomly isolated from eight different biotopes situated in Sfax (Tunisia), with different management practices. 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing were used to identify the microbial community. The majority of the isolated bacteria, , , , and , are typical of the olive ecosystem and the most common fungi are , , and . The different olive orchards depicted distinct communities, and exhibited dissimilar amounts of bacteria and fungi with distinct ecological functions that could be considered as promising resources in biological control.
PubMed: 37110509
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041086 -
Insect Science Aug 2023Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a prominent insect for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. As a saprotrophic insect, the...
Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a prominent insect for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. As a saprotrophic insect, the BSF inhabits microbe-rich environments. However, the influences of the intestinal microorganisms on BSF growth and development are not very clear. In this study, the dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community of BSF larvae (BSFL) were analyzed using pyrosequencing. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla in the intestines of all larval instars. The dynamic changes in bacterial community compositions among different larval instars were striking at the genus level. Klebsiella, Clostridium, Providencia, and Dysgonomonas were the relatively most abundant bacteria in the 1st- to 4th-instar BSFL, respectively. Dysgonomonas and Providencia also dominated the 5th- and 6th-instar larvae, at ratios of 31.1% and 47.2%, respectively. In total, 148 bacterial strains affiliated with 20 genera were isolated on different media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Among them, 6 bacteria, BSF1-BSF6, were selected for further study. The inoculation of the 6 isolates independently into germ-free BSFL feeding on an artificial diet showed that all the bacteria, except BSF4, significantly promoted BSF growth and development compared with the germ-free control. Citrobacter, Dysgonomonas, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, and Providencia promoted BSF development significantly by increasing the weight gains of larvae and pupae, as well as increasing the prepupae and eclosion rates. In addition, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Providencia shortened the BSF life cycle significantly. The results illustrate the promotive effects of intestinal bacteria on BSF growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Larva; Diptera; Bacteria; Diet; Bacteroidetes
PubMed: 35811567
DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13095 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2023Emergence of carbapenemase and tigecycline resistance genes in pathogens threatens the efficacy of last-resort antibiotics. High attention should be paid to the spread...
OBJECTIVES
Emergence of carbapenemase and tigecycline resistance genes in pathogens threatens the efficacy of last-resort antibiotics. High attention should be paid to the spread and convergence of such resistance genes. This study reports an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Providencia rettgeri clinical strain co-harbouring carbapenemase genes bla, bla and the tmexCD3-toprJ1b gene cluster.
METHODS
The phenotype and genotype of P. rettgeri Pre20-95 were investigated by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assay, stability testing and whole genome sequencing. Bioinformatics tools were used to uncover the genetic structures of its multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmid pPre20-95-1 and SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element ICEPreChn20-95.
RESULTS
P. rettgeri strain Pre20-95 was isolated from a human clinical infection and displayed an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis identified a pPrY2001-like MDR plasmid, namely pPre20-95-1, co-harbouring bla and bla genes in Pre20-95. The multidrug resistance region of pPre20-95-1 was composed of a Tn6625-derived module and a ∆Tn1696 structure, and bla and bla were located in a composite Tn structure consisting of insertion sequences ISCR1 and ISAba125 and an In125-like class 1 integron, respectively. Furthermore, the novel RND efflux pump gene cluster tmexCD3-toprJ1b was identified on the SXT/R391 ICE ICEPreChn20-95 of its chromosome, and reverse PCR showed that it could form a circular intermediate for transmission.
CONCLUSION
Our findings highlight further dissemination of the tmexCD3-toprJ1b gene cluster into a clinical isolate of P. rettgeri and convergence with multiple carbapenemase genes, which increases the risk of the emergence of XDR strains and threatens the treatment of Enterobacterales bacterial infections.
Topics: Humans; Enterobacteriaceae Infections
PubMed: 37536658
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.07.018 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Jan 2018Understanding the rate of evolutionary change and the genetic architecture that facilitates rapid adaptation is a current challenge in evolutionary biology. Comparative...
Understanding the rate of evolutionary change and the genetic architecture that facilitates rapid adaptation is a current challenge in evolutionary biology. Comparative studies show that genes with immune function are among the most rapidly evolving genes across a range of taxa. Here, we use immune defence in natural populations of to understand the rate of evolution in natural populations and the genetics underlying rapid change. We probed the immune system using the natural pathogens and to measure post-infection survival and bacterial load of wild populations collected across seasonal time along a latitudinal transect along eastern North America (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia). There are pronounced and repeatable changes in the immune response over the approximately 10 generations between spring and autumn collections, with a significant but less distinct difference observed among geographical locations. Genes with known immune function are not enriched among alleles that cycle with seasonal time, but the immune function of a subset of seasonally cycling alleles in immune genes was tested using reconstructed outbred populations. We find that flies containing seasonal alleles in () have different functional responses to infection and that epistatic interactions among seasonal and () alleles underlie the immune phenotypes observed in natural populations. This rapid, cyclic response to seasonal environmental pressure broadens our understanding of the complex ecological and genetic interactions determining the evolution of immune defence in natural populations.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Enterococcus faecalis; Evolution, Molecular; Female; Immunity, Innate; Male; Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; Providencia; Seasons; Virginia
PubMed: 29321302
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2599 -
Pathogens and Disease Dec 2018This study was aimed to develop a multiplex PCR (m-PCR) for the detection of Escherichia coli attaching and effacing (eae), Shiga toxin (stx) and cytolethal distending...
This study was aimed to develop a multiplex PCR (m-PCR) for the detection of Escherichia coli attaching and effacing (eae), Shiga toxin (stx) and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes encoding important virulence factors of diarrheagenic E. coli such as EPEC, STEC, and Escherichia albertii. For this purpose, the m-PCR was designed to detect eae, all the subtypes of stx (stx1, stx2a-g except stx2f) and cdt (I-V) genes. The m-PCR was validated with 58 and 55 target gene-positive and negative strains of different sources, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the m-PCR were 100%. The m-PCR could also detect the eae, stx and cdt genes in bacteria spiked into stool specimens with or without enrichment culture. Clinical specimens collected from children with diarrhea were tested by the m-PCR, and 27 eae and 32 cdt genes were detected. Among them, three cdt-II and one untypable cdt gene-positive bacteria were isolated and identified as E. albertii and Providencia rustigianii, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of cdtB gene in P. rustigianii. These results indicate that the m-PCR is useful for surveillance of eae, stx and cdt gene-positive bacteria, not only EPEC, STEC and E. albertii but also P. rustigianii.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Toxins; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Providencia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Shiga Toxin
PubMed: 30657893
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz002