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Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 2020High total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) could be major risk factors for cardiovascular disease burden among high risk populations... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
High total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) could be major risk factors for cardiovascular disease burden among high risk populations especially in South Asians. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of coconut oil compared with other oils and fats on cardio-metabolic parameters.
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched. The main outcomes included are lipid and glycemic parameters. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate individual comparisons of vegetable oils and animal fat with coconut oil. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Coconut oil consumption significantly increased TC by 15.42 mg/dL (95% CI, 8.96-21.88, p < 0.001), LDL-C by 10.14 mg/dL (95% CI, 4.44-15.84, p < 0.001) and high density lipoprorein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 2.61 mg/dL (95% CI, 0.95-4.26, p = 0.002), and significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.39 mg/dL (95% CI, -0.50 to -0.27, p < 0.001) but, it had no effects on triglycerides (TG), (4.25 mg/dL; 95% CI, -0.49-8.99, p = 0.08) when compared with the control group. Sub-group analysis demonstrated that coconut oil significantly increased TC and LDL-C over corn, palm, soybean and safflower oils and not over olive oil. Compared with butter, coconut oil showed a better pattern in cardio-metabolic markers by significantly increasing HDL-C (4.38 mg/dL, 95% CI, 0.40 to 8.36, p = 0.03) and decreasing LDL-C (-14.90 mg/dL, 95% CI, -23.02 to-6.77, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that coconut oil consumption results in significantly higher TC, LDL-C and HDL-C than other oils. Consumption of coconut oil can be one of the risk factors for CVDs in South Asians.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coconut Oil; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33096510
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.033 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2020The steroid hormones, including brassinosteroids, regulate plant growth under stress. It is hypothesized that 24-epibrassinosteroids (24-EBR) can affect safflower ()...
The steroid hormones, including brassinosteroids, regulate plant growth under stress. It is hypothesized that 24-epibrassinosteroids (24-EBR) can affect safflower () biochemical properties, crop yield, and oil content under drought stress. The objective of our study was to determine the response of three safflower genotypes (Goldasht, Faraman, and Sina) to exogenous 24-EBR (0 and 10 M) under drought stress, including 85, 65, and 45% of field capacity in 2015. Stress decreased chlorophyll-, chlorophyll-, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, relative water content (RWC), seed yield, and oil percentage. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and proline contents increased in response to either drought stress or 24-EBR. Genotypes behaved significantly different under stress. 24-EBR significantly increased plant chlorophyll contents and oil percentage, and it significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content via increasing the proline and carotenoid contents under stress. 24-EBR can increase safflower oil and seed yield under drought stress.
Topics: Carotenoids; Carthamus tinctorius; Chlorophyll; Droughts; Genotype; Malondialdehyde; Peroxidase; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Oils; Plant Proteins; Seeds; Steroids; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 32374593
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06860 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2016This work investigates the extraction process of safflower oil using pressurized ethanol, and compares the chemical composition obtained (in terms of fatty acids) with... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This work investigates the extraction process of safflower oil using pressurized ethanol, and compares the chemical composition obtained (in terms of fatty acids) with other extraction techniques. Soxhlet and Ultrasound showed maximum global yield of 36.53% and 30.41%, respectively (70°C and 240min). PLE presented maximum global yields of 25.62% (3mLmin(-1)), 19.94% (2mLmin(-1)) and 12.37% (1mLmin(-1)) at 40°C, 100bar and 60min. Palmitic acid showed the lower concentration in all experimental conditions (from 5.70% to 7.17%); Stearic and Linoleic acid presented intermediate concentrations (from 2.93% to 25.09% and 14.09% to 19.06%, respectively); Oleic acid showed higher composition (from 55.12% to 83.26%). Differences between percentages of fatty acids, depending on method were observed. Results may be applied to maximize global yields and select fatty acids, reducing the energetic costs and process time.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Palmitic Acid; Pressure; Safflower Oil; Seeds
PubMed: 27451200
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.111 -
Marine Drugs May 2021Increasing energy expenditure (EE) is beneficial for preventing obesity. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is one of the components of total EE. Therefore, increasing DIT...
Increasing energy expenditure (EE) is beneficial for preventing obesity. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is one of the components of total EE. Therefore, increasing DIT is effective against obesity. We examined how much fish oil (FO) increased DIT by measuring absolute values of DIT in mice. C57BL/6J male mice were given diets of 30 energy% fat consisting of FO or safflower oil plus butter as control oil (Con). After administration for 9 days, respiration in mice was monitored, and then the data were used to calculate DIT and EE. DIT increased significantly by 1.2-fold in the FO-fed mice compared with the Con-fed mice. Body weight gain was significantly lower in the FO-fed mice. FO increased the levels of uncoupling protein 1 () mRNA and UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by 1.5- and 1.2-fold, respectively. In subcutaneous white adipose tissue (subWAT), the levels of mRNA and UCP1 protein were increased by 6.3- and 2.7-fold, respectively, by FO administration. FO also significantly increased the expression of markers of browning in subWAT such as fibroblast growth factor 21 and cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α-like effector a. Thus, dietary FO seems to increase DIT in mice via the increased expressions of in BAT and induced browning of subWAT. FO might be a promising dietary fat in the prevention of obesity by upregulation of energy metabolism.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Energy Metabolism; Fish Oils; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Activity; Obesity; Respiration; Thermogenesis; Uncoupling Protein 1; Weight Gain; Mice
PubMed: 34067796
DOI: 10.3390/md19050278 -
Diabetologia Feb 2022Energy-dense nutrition generally induces insulin resistance, but dietary composition may differently affect glucose metabolism. This study investigated initial effects... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
Energy-dense nutrition generally induces insulin resistance, but dietary composition may differently affect glucose metabolism. This study investigated initial effects of monounsaturated vs saturated lipid meals on basal and insulin-stimulated myocellular glucose metabolism and insulin signalling.
METHODS
In a randomised crossover study, 16 lean metabolically healthy volunteers received single meals containing safflower oil (SAF), palm oil (PAL) or vehicle (VCL). Whole-body glucose metabolism was assessed from glucose disposal (R) before and during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps with D-[6,6-H]glucose. In serial skeletal muscle biopsies, subcellular lipid metabolites and insulin signalling were measured before and after meals.
RESULTS
SAF and PAL raised plasma oleate, but only PAL significantly increased plasma palmitate concentrations. SAF and PAL increased myocellular diacylglycerol and activated protein kinase C (PKC) isoform θ (p < 0.05) but only PAL activated PKCɛ. Moreover, PAL led to increased myocellular ceramides along with stimulated PKCζ translocation (p < 0.05 vs SAF). During clamp, SAF and PAL both decreased insulin-stimulated R (p < 0.05 vs VCL), but non-oxidative glucose disposal was lower after PAL compared with SAF (p < 0.05). Muscle serine-phosphorylation of IRS-1 was increased upon SAF and PAL consumption (p < 0.05), whereas PAL decreased serine-phosphorylation of Akt more than SAF (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
Lipid-induced myocellular insulin resistance is likely more pronounced with palmitate than with oleate and is associated with PKC isoforms activation and inhibitory insulin signalling.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov .NCT01736202.
FUNDING
German Federal Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture and Science of the State North Rhine-Westphalia, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, European Regional Development Fund, German Research Foundation, German Center for Diabetes Research.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Calorimetry; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Diglycerides; Fatty Acids; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Oleic Acid; Palm Oil; Palmitates; Protein Kinase C; Safflower Oil; Young Adult
PubMed: 34704121
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05596-z -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Feb 2022Safflower oil (SO) is mainly rich in linoleic acid (ω-6), oleic acid (ω-9), and other bioactives with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, thermogenic,...
UNLABELLED
Safflower oil (SO) is mainly rich in linoleic acid (ω-6), oleic acid (ω-9), and other bioactives with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, thermogenic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. The reduced aqueous solubility and high susceptibility to oxidative degradation are undesirable for food applications and can be overcome by incorporation in lipid nanoparticles. Thus, the main goal was to develop and characterize SO-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC-SO) and to evaluate their potential for protection of the antioxidant activity of the bioactive. NLC-SO showed average size of 222 ± 2.0 nm, zeta potential of 43 ± 3.5 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 49.0 ± 2.8%, combined with high thermal compatibility (up to 228 °C) and physical stability for up to 60 days in aqueous dispersion. Besides, the NLC-SO showed threefold reduction in the DPPH radical scavenge activity after encapsulation, indicating protection of the antioxidant components of the SO and preservation of the bioactives.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05078-5.
PubMed: 35185192
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05078-5 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021The aim of the study was to examine combinations of base oils and herbal additives with a view to obtaining macerates with improved health benefits. Base oils were...
The aim of the study was to examine combinations of base oils and herbal additives with a view to obtaining macerates with improved health benefits. Base oils were cold-pressed from the seeds of black cumin, borage, evening primrose, safflower, walnut, common hazel, and oilseed rape, as well as the flesh of sea-buckthorn fruits. They were then supplemented with herbs, including basil, thyme, and sage, in order to create macerates. Total antioxidant activity and tocopherol level were analyzed in oils, macerates, and oil cakes. Additionally, chemical properties of oil cakes-such as the level of fibre, vitamin C, β-carotene, and lutein-were also examined. Supplementation with herbs caused diversified effects on antioxidant activity and tocopherol level in macerates depending on the base oil, herb, and supplementation method. The obtained results indicate that tocopherol level does not play a decisive role in determining the antioxidant properties of oils, macerates, and oil cakes, suggesting significant involvement of other antioxidants. Among the tested macerates, the most promising one seems to be oilseed rape oil enriched with sage or basil to maximize its health benefits. The study can serve as a starting point for the development and implementation of functional macerates and oil cakes in healthy nutrition.
PubMed: 34069017
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050781 -
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Dec 2017To examine the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) in a murine model of herpetic chorioretinitis.
PURPOSE
To examine the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) in a murine model of herpetic chorioretinitis.
METHODS
BALB/c mice were fed on three high fat diets, which contained: Menhaden oil (rich in n-3 PUFAs); Safflower oil (rich in n-6 PUFAs); or Corn oil (rich in saturated fatty acids) as control group, 14 days previously and until 12 days following anterior chamber (AC) HSV-1 inoculation.
RESULTS
Mice fed on Menhaden oil present an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also significant increase of RNA HSV-1 expression compared with Safflower and Corn oil groups. Furthermore, mice fed on Menhaden oil showed a significant decrease secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in splenic cells and both retinas.
CONCLUSION
Our results showed that mice fed on Menhaden oil (n-3 PUFAs) presented an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also a significant increase in RNA HSV-1 expression compared with animals fed on Safflower and Corn oils. This increase of HSV-1 could be associated with the higher development of chorioretinitis.
Topics: Animals; Chorioretinitis; Corn Oil; Disease Models, Animal; Eye Infections, Viral; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fish Oils; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; RNA, Viral; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Safflower Oil; Thymidine Kinase; Uveitis, Anterior
PubMed: 27438625
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1184287 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw...
In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw material compositions, emulsification conditions, and spray drying conditions for the preparation of flaxseed oil and safflower seed oil powders were optimized, and the final encapsulation efficiency was as high as 99% with approximately 50% oil loading. The storage stability experiments showed that oil powder's stability could maintain its physicochemical properties over six months. Oral supplementation of the spray-dried flaxseed oil powder exhibited a significant and better effect than flaxseed oil on alleviating colitis in C57BL/6J mice. It suppressed the pro-inflammatory cell factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and repaired gut microbial dysbiosis by increasing the microbial diversity and promoting the proliferation of probiotic taxa such as . This work suggests that spray-dried flaxseed oil powder has great potential as a nutraceutical food, with spray drying being a good alternative technique to improve its bioactivity.
PubMed: 36230069
DOI: 10.3390/foods11192993 -
Journal of Food Science Dec 2023Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil...
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil extraction. Both SDG and TCL are metabolized into mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) with the involvement of intestinal bacteria. In this research, we evaluated the anti-osteoporosis effects of SDG and the in vivo metabolites EL and enterodiol (ED) prepared in our previous work, as well as the newly isolated chemical constituents from safflower seed, including TCL, the lactone ring opening product of TCL (OTCL) and two alkaloids on the alloxan-induced zebrafish model. All the compounds showed significant anti-osteoporosis effects at 80 µM, with p < 0.05 for EL and p < 0.001 for other compounds compared with the model. SDG and TCL showed the most significant and concentration-dependent effects, with p < 0.001 compared with model at 20 µM. The alkaloids, N-coumaroylserotonin glucoside and N-feruloylserotonin glucoside, also showed anti-osteoporosis at 20 µM with p < 0.01, whereas EL, ED, and OTCL showed no significant effects. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SDG and TCL upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes Runx2, SP7, OPG, Col1a1a, Alp, ON, OPN, and OCN in alloxan-treated zebrafish. The in vivo metabolite of lignans, EL, showed significant anti-inflammatory effect (p < 0.01) at 20 µM, which might also help to combat osteoporosis and other complications caused by excessive immune response in the body. The results provided scientific data for using the oil extraction by-products as sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study found that lignans in flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects by upregulating the expression of osteogenic genes, making the oil extraction by-products sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds.
Topics: Animals; Flax; Zebrafish; Carthamus tinctorius; Alloxan; Glucosides; Mammals; Lignans; Seeds; 4-Butyrolactone; Butylene Glycols; Alkaloids
PubMed: 37889085
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16816