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La Radiologia Medica Oct 2019Scalp lesions can be classified as congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic in origin. Although patients presenting with scalp masses are frequently seen in... (Review)
Review
Scalp lesions can be classified as congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic in origin. Although patients presenting with scalp masses are frequently seen in daily practice, differentiation of scalp lesions is often challenging for radiologists who are not familiar with the imaging of cutaneous lesions. The majority of scalp lesions are fortunately benign, with cystic lesions accounting for over 50% of all benign scalp lesions. Such lesions include trichilemmal cysts (pilar cysts), sebaceoma, epidermoid cysts, dermoid cysts, and teratoid cysts. Radiologists may also occasionally encounter benign neoplasms of the scalp, including melanocytic nevi, keratoacanthoma, pilomatricoma, neurofibroma, and lipoma. Malignant scalp tumors are uncommon; however, they carry a potential risk of delayed detection, resulting in poorer outcomes. Most scalp lesions show nonspecific imaging findings, although some possess characteristic features on CT and MRI. Radiologists must be familiar with the appearances of common scalp lesions to reach an accurate diagnosis. Hence, the aim of this article is to describe the clinical and imaging features of scalp lesions.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Scalp; Skin Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31270724
DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01060-6 -
Experimental Dermatology Mar 2020The skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange... (Review)
Review
The skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange with the cutaneous immune system in healthy skin, where hair follicles (HFs) provide unique anatomical niches. Especially, scalp HFs form large tubular invaginations, which extend deeply into the skin and harbour a variety of microorganisms. The distinct immunology of HFs with enhanced immune cell trafficking in superficial compartments in juxtaposition to immune-privileged sites crucial for hair follicle cycling and regeneration makes this organ a highly susceptible structure. Depending on composition and penetration depth, microbiota may cause typical infections, but may also contribute to pro-inflammatory environment in chronic inflammatory scalp diseases. Involvement in hair cycle regulation and immune cell maturation has been postulated. Herein, we review recent insights in hair follicle microbiome, immunology and penetration research and discuss clinical implications for scalp health and disease.
Topics: Alopecia; Alopecia Areata; Animals; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Hair; Hair Follicle; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Mice; Microbiota; Psoriasis; Scalp; Skin; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 30974503
DOI: 10.1111/exd.13935 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Jun 2018Tumors of the scalp are characterized by an impressively broad and heterogeneous clinical spectrum. They frequently exhibit site-specific features distinguishing them...
Tumors of the scalp are characterized by an impressively broad and heterogeneous clinical spectrum. They frequently exhibit site-specific features distinguishing them from their counterparts elsewhere on the skin. Although mostly benign, diagnosis and treatment of these lesions may pose a significant challenge due to impaired visibility (and thus delayed detection), anatomical circumstances, exposure to (exogenous) noxious agents, distinct histological features, as well as the often-advanced age of affected individuals. This is even more true for malignant tumors of the scalp, which are uncommon but associated with a poor prognosis. Adequate patient care therefore requires interdisciplinary management. Against this background, the present article addresses general principles and distinct features of the most important tumors of the scalp.
Topics: Humans; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 29873899
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13546 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Oct 2015Scalp reconstruction remains an evolving field. This study will highlight scalp reconstruction methods, and highlight new technologies and surgical techniques. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Scalp reconstruction remains an evolving field. This study will highlight scalp reconstruction methods, and highlight new technologies and surgical techniques.
RECENT FINDINGS
Dermal replacements have become increasingly popular as an adjunctive method to increase skin graft take.External tissue expansion has obviated the need for preoperative skin expansion prior to definitive surgery and may be an attractive option for oncology cases.
SUMMARY
Scalp reconstruction is a complex interplay of patient factors, surgeon experience, and available techniques and technologies. The thoughtful surgeon is wise to tailor reconstruction to provide adequate coverage with the least morbidity. This study highlights interesting developments in scalp reconstruction, which may expand the surgeon's ability to do so.
Topics: Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Skin Transplantation; Skin, Artificial; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 26339972
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000191 -
Annales de Dermatologie Et de... Feb 2018Lipedematous scalp, with or without alopecia, is a poorly known and rarely reported entity. It was first described in 1935 by Cornbleet. It involves increased thickness...
BACKGROUND
Lipedematous scalp, with or without alopecia, is a poorly known and rarely reported entity. It was first described in 1935 by Cornbleet. It involves increased thickness of the subcutaneous tissue of the scalp, responsible for an overall thickening of the scalp, which may be associated with alopecia, pruritus or painful sensations. Currently, fewer than 50 cases of lipedematous scalp, both with and without alopecia, have been reported in the literature.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Herein we present the case of a 36-year-old woman from the Ivory Coast, who presented scalp pain associated with infiltration of the entire subcutaneous tissue of the scalp seen clinically and confirmed at MRI. Histology added nothing.
DISCUSSION
We diagnosed a new case of lipedematous scalp in an African woman. No cause was found. Therapeutic abstention appears the best management strategy.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Lipedema; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Scalp
PubMed: 29050723
DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.08.015 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2021Soft tissue wounds in the scalp are a common occurrence after trauma or resection of a malignancy. The reconstructive surgeon should strive to use the simplest... (Review)
Review
Soft tissue wounds in the scalp are a common occurrence after trauma or resection of a malignancy. The reconstructive surgeon should strive to use the simplest reconstructive technique while optimizing aesthetic outcomes. In general, large defects with infection, previous irradiation (or require postoperative radiation), or with calvarial defects usually require reconstruction with vascularized tissue (ie, microvascular free tissue transfer). Smaller defects greater than 3 cm that are not amenable to primary closure can be treated with local flap reconstruction. In all cases, the reconstruction method will need be tailored to the patient's health status, desires, and aesthetic considerations.
Topics: Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 34092461
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.05.001 -
AORN Journal Feb 2022
Topics: Scalp; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 35084756
DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13620 -
Acta Medica Okayama Aug 2018Electroencephalography (EEG) examines the functional state of the brain. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the ripple (80-200/250 Hz) and fast ripple... (Review)
Review
Electroencephalography (EEG) examines the functional state of the brain. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the ripple (80-200/250 Hz) and fast ripple (200/250-500/600 Hz) bands have recently been attracting attention, and their recording has been enabled by advancements in digital EEG techniques. The detection of HFOs was previously limited to intracranial EEG, but fast oscillations (FOs) in the gamma (40-80 Hz) and ripple bands can now be detected over the scalp. HFOs and FOs have been shown to be related to epileptogenicity in intracranial EEG and scalp EEG, respectively. A large number of FOs are found in the scalp EEGs of pediatric patients with various epileptic encephalopathies, particularly West syndrome. FOs are suggested to be a biomarker of the epileptogenic cortical region in epilepsy surgery. FOs are detectable even in patients with idiopathic focal epilepsies, including benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and Panayiotopoulos syndrome, who are not generally candidates for operation. The detection of HFOs and FOs may provide clues to the pathophysiology of epilepsy and the relationship between HFOs and cognitive dysfunction.
Topics: Cognition; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Prognosis; Scalp
PubMed: 30140078
DOI: 10.18926/AMO/56166 -
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North... Feb 2017The scalp presents many challenges to the reconstructive surgeon given its visible nature and the various considerations that must be given for optimal reconstruction.... (Review)
Review
The scalp presents many challenges to the reconstructive surgeon given its visible nature and the various considerations that must be given for optimal reconstruction. In this article, we review the anatomy of the scalp, the various options for reconstruction, and important considerations for improving the chances of optimal reconstruction of scalp defects.
Topics: Cicatrix; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Skin Transplantation; Surgical Flaps; Tissue Expansion
PubMed: 27888896
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2016.08.013 -
Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Jan 2024EEG source imaging is an established technique for identifying the origin of interictal and ictal epileptiform discharges in patients with epilepsy, and it is an... (Review)
Review
EEG source imaging is an established technique for identifying the origin of interictal and ictal epileptiform discharges in patients with epilepsy, and it is an important tool in neurophysiology research. Accurate and reliable EEG source imaging requires appropriate choices of how the head, skull, and scalp are modeled, and understanding of the different approaches to modeling is important to guide these choices. Similarly, numerous different approaches to modeling the electrical sources within the brain exist, and appropriate understanding of the strengths and limitations of each are essential to obtaining accurate, reliable, and interpretable solutions. This review aims to describe the essential theoretical basis for these head and source models while also discussing the practical implications of each in clinical or research applications.
Topics: Humans; Skull; Brain; Neurophysiology; Scalp; Electroencephalography
PubMed: 38181382
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000001029