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Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Jan 2024EEG source imaging is an established technique for identifying the origin of interictal and ictal epileptiform discharges in patients with epilepsy, and it is an... (Review)
Review
EEG source imaging is an established technique for identifying the origin of interictal and ictal epileptiform discharges in patients with epilepsy, and it is an important tool in neurophysiology research. Accurate and reliable EEG source imaging requires appropriate choices of how the head, skull, and scalp are modeled, and understanding of the different approaches to modeling is important to guide these choices. Similarly, numerous different approaches to modeling the electrical sources within the brain exist, and appropriate understanding of the strengths and limitations of each are essential to obtaining accurate, reliable, and interpretable solutions. This review aims to describe the essential theoretical basis for these head and source models while also discussing the practical implications of each in clinical or research applications.
Topics: Humans; Skull; Brain; Neurophysiology; Scalp; Electroencephalography
PubMed: 38181382
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000001029 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery May 2021Soft tissue deficits of the scalp due to trauma, infection, or tumor resection present a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon whose goal is to achieve... (Review)
Review
Soft tissue deficits of the scalp due to trauma, infection, or tumor resection present a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon whose goal is to achieve excellent cosmesis in a hair bearing area without compromising coverage. While extensive undermining for large rotation flaps or free tissue transfer can provide necessary coverage, the pericranial flap is an excellent alternative for less ideal surgical candidates who cannot tolerate more extensive interventions or for patients who require long-term cancer surveillance. Elevation of the pericranial flap limits the need for back cuts through the skin and uses blunt dissection to preserve overlying hair follicles. Here we present a review of the anatomy and historical use of the pericranial flap for scalp coverage and we present 4 cases to demonstrate its current utility.
Topics: Hair; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 33904514
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007033 -
BioMed Research International 2019Scalp pruritus is a frequent problem encountered in dermatological practice. This disorder is caused by various underlying diseases and is a diagnostic and therapeutic... (Review)
Review
Scalp pruritus is a frequent problem encountered in dermatological practice. This disorder is caused by various underlying diseases and is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Scalp pruritus may be localized to the scalp or extended to other body areas. It is sometimes not only associated with skin diseases or specific skin changes, but also associated with lesions secondary to rubbing or scratching. Moreover, scalp pruritus may be difficult to diagnose and manage and may have a great impact on the quality of life of patients. It can be classified as dermatologic, neuropathic, systemic, and psychogenic scalp pruritus based on the potential underlying disease. A thorough evaluation of patients presenting with scalp pruritus is important. Taking history and performing physical examination and further investigations are essential for diagnosis. Therapeutic strategy comprises removal of the aggravating factors and appropriate treatment of the underlying condition. All treatments should be performed considering an individual approach. This review article focuses on the understanding of the pathophysiology and the diagnostic and therapeutic management of scalp pruritus.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pruritus; Quality of Life; Scalp; Skin
PubMed: 30766878
DOI: 10.1155/2019/1268430 -
BMJ Case Reports Sep 2017
Topics: Adult; Conservative Treatment; Humans; Male; Nevus, Pigmented; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 28942417
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222402 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2015Trichoscopy is the term coined for the dermoscopic imaging of scalp and hair. This diagnostic technique, simple and noninvasive, can be used as a handy bedside tool for... (Review)
Review
Trichoscopy is the term coined for the dermoscopic imaging of scalp and hair. This diagnostic technique, simple and noninvasive, can be used as a handy bedside tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of hair and scalp disorders. It allows the recognition of morphologic structures not visible by the naked eye and provides the clinician with a range of dermoscopic findings necessary for differential diagnosis. Trichoscopy observation can be broadly grouped as interfollicular patterns and follicular patterns. Recently, a third mixed class, called the follicular plus interfollicular pattern, has been introduced. Some of these features are specific to a certain scalp disease, while others can be found in many hair disorders. Although studies suggest that the use of trichoscopy can improve clinical accuracy, further investigation is needed. This review provides update information on the trichoscopic features of the most common scalp disorders, striving to show a histopathological and clinical correlation.
Topics: Dermoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Scalp; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 26160502
DOI: 10.1159/000430909 -
World Neurosurgery Jan 2023Simulation-based neurosurgical training allows the development of surgical skills outside the operating room. However, the use of nonstandardized materials and poor...
BACKGROUND
Simulation-based neurosurgical training allows the development of surgical skills outside the operating room. However, the use of nonstandardized materials and poor haptic feedback remain the primary limitations of the surgical simulators. Therefore, this work proposes a comprehensive scheme for scalp and dura surrogate synthesis and their standardization for neurosurgical training.
METHODS
Eight different variants of silicone-based scalp (S1-S8) and dura (D1-D8) surrogates were synthesized. The samples were evaluated by 26 neurosurgeons. They provided their feedback in a Likert scale questionnaire. Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn multiple comparisons was used for statistical analysis of surgeons' scores. The samples were mechanically characterized using Shore A hardness and dynamic nanoindentation testing.
RESULTS
The highest mean Likert score values were obtained for S3 scalp and D8 dura variants. The comparison of S3 and D8 with the rest of the variants in the respective groups was statistically significant in 21 of 28 instances. The average Shore A hardness and storage modulus of the S3 variant were 21.9 DU and 505.3 kPa, respectively. The corresponding values for the D8 variant were 32.5 DU and 632 kPa, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study proposes a method for the synthesis, evaluation, and standardization of scalp and dura surrogates. The study achieved standardized silicone compositions along with a recommendable range of Shore hardness and viscoelastic moduli values for the scalp and dura surrogates. This work can be extended for the standardization of surrogates for other tissues involved in neurosurgical simulators.
Topics: Humans; Silicon; Scalp; Silicones; Hardness; Reference Standards
PubMed: 36415013
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.10.090 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Apr 2020
Topics: Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Humans; Occlusive Dressings; Postoperative Care; Scalp
PubMed: 30885753
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.018 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2023
Topics: Humans; Skin Neoplasms; Scalp; Epidermal Cyst
PubMed: 37541905
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.11.015 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Oct 2021Scalp reconstruction requires a full array of reconstructive options given the complex anatomy and protection of vital structures. Not all patients qualify for advanced... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Scalp reconstruction requires a full array of reconstructive options given the complex anatomy and protection of vital structures. Not all patients qualify for advanced reconstructive options and therefore rely on short, effective procedures with minimal morbidity. This review aims to focus on xenografts and allografts to achieve an adequate reconstruction while minimizing morbidity.
RECENT FINDINGS
Although bovine xenografts have been used for many decades, there have been recent advances in porcine xenografts to aid in scalp defects. Similarly, new allogenic materials have emerged as additional tools in the armamentarium to promote wound healing.
SUMMARY
Both xenografts and allografts offer viable options for complex scalp reconstruction.
Topics: Allografts; Animals; Cattle; Heterografts; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 34374665
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000753 -
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North... Aug 2017Scalp and forehead reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery can encompass subcentimeter defects to entire scalp reconstruction. Knowledge of anatomy, flap design,... (Review)
Review
Scalp and forehead reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery can encompass subcentimeter defects to entire scalp reconstruction. Knowledge of anatomy, flap design, and execution will prepare surgeons who operate in the head and neck area to confidently approach a variety of reconstructive challenges in this area.
Topics: Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Forehead; Humans; Medical Illustration; Mohs Surgery; Photography; Postoperative Complications; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Transplantation; Surgical Flaps; Wound Healing
PubMed: 28676163
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2017.03.008