-
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Apr 2021Currently there is no highly specific and sensitive marker to identify breast cancer-the most common malignancy in women. Breast cancer can be categorized as estrogen... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Currently there is no highly specific and sensitive marker to identify breast cancer-the most common malignancy in women. Breast cancer can be categorized as estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-positive luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) types based on the expression of ER, PR, and HER2. Although GATA3 is the most widely used tumor marker at present to determine the breast origin, which has been shown to be an excellent marker for ER-positive and low-grade breast cancer, but it does not work well for TNBC with sensitivity as low as <20% in metaplastic breast carcinoma. In the current study, through TCGA data mining we identified trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) as a specific gene for breast carcinoma across 31 solid tumor types. Moreover, high mRNA level of TRPS1 was found in all four subtypes of breast carcinoma including ER/PR-positive luminal A and B types, HER2-positive type, and basal-type/TNBC. We then analyzed TRPS1 expression in 479 cases of various types of breast cancer using immunochemistry staining, and found that TRPS1 and GATA3 had comparable positive expression in ER-positive (98% vs. 95%) and HER2-positive (87% vs. 88%) breast carcinomas. However, TRPS1 which was highly expressed in TNBC, was significantly higher than GATA3 expression in metaplastic (86% vs. 21%) and nonmetaplastic (86% vs. 51%) TNBC. In addition, TRPS1 expression was evaluated in 1234 cases of solid tumor from different organs. In contrast to the high expression of GATA3 in urothelial carcinoma, TRPS1 showed no or little expression in urothelial carcinomas or in other tumor types including lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, colon and gastric adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and ovarian carcinoma. These findings suggest that TRPS1 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for breast carcinoma and can be used as a great diagnostic tool, especially for TNBC.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma; Databases, Genetic; Female; GATA3 Transcription Factor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Predictive Value of Tests; Repressor Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Tissue Array Analysis; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
PubMed: 33011748
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00692-8 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2022Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal glycoprotein that has been used as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in combination with ultrasound and other... (Review)
Review
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal glycoprotein that has been used as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in combination with ultrasound and other imaging modalities. Its utility is limited because of both low sensitivity and specificity, and discrepancies among the different methods of measurements. Moreover, its accuracy varies according to patient characteristics and the AFP cut-off values used. Combination of AFP with novel biomarkers such as AFP-L3, Golgi specific membrane protein (GP73) and des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin significantly improved its accuracy in detecting HCC. Increased AFP level could also signify severity of hepatic destruction and subsequent regeneration and is commonly observed in patients with acute and chronic liver conditions and cirrhosis. Hereditary and other non-hepatic disorders can also cause AFP elevation.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; alpha-Fetoproteins
PubMed: 35110946
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.216 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Gastric cancer (GC)-a common tumor that affects humans worldwide-is highly malignant with a poor prognosis. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced... (Review)
Review
Gastric cancer (GC)-a common tumor that affects humans worldwide-is highly malignant with a poor prognosis. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced stage. Early detection and efficient monitoring of tumor dynamics are prerequisites for reducing disease burden and mortality. Minimally invasive methods are needed to establish a diagnosis or monitoring the response to treatment of gastric cancer. Blood-based biomarker assays for the detection of early-stage GC could be of great relevance both for the risk group or for population-wide based screening programs, The currently used tumor marker assays for detecting GC are simple and rapid, but their use is limited by their low sensitivity and specificity. In recent years, several markers have been identified and tested for their clinical relevance in the management of gastric cancer. Here we review the available literature on plasma classical tumor markers, circulating free microRNAs (cfmiRNAs), circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), autoantibodies against tumor associated antigens (TAAs), and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) for diagnosis and monitoring of gastric cancer. This review summarizes the present status and approaches for these biomarkers, which could be potentially used for early diagnosis and accurate prediction of therapeutic approaches. We also discuss the future perspective and challenges in the search for new biomarkers of gastric cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 35886934
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147588 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2015Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among many biochemical parameters represents a very valuable enzyme in patients with cancer with possibility for easy routine measurement in... (Review)
Review
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among many biochemical parameters represents a very valuable enzyme in patients with cancer with possibility for easy routine measurement in many clinical laboratories. Previous studies where mostly based on investigated LDH in serum of patients with cancer with aims to estimate their clinical significance. The new directions in investigation of LDH where based on the principle that tumor cells release intracellular enzymes trough damaged cell membrane, that is mostly consequence in intracellular mitochondrial machinery alteration, and apoptosis deregulation. This consideration can be used not only in-vitro assays, but also in respect to clinical characteristics of tumor patients. Based on new techniques of molecular biology it is shown that intracellular characteristics of LDH enzyme are very sensitive indicators of the cellular metabolic state, aerobic or anaerobic direction of glycolysis, activation status and malignant transformation. Using different molecular analyses it is very useful to analyzed intracellular LDH activity in different cell line and tumor tissues obtained from patients, not only to understanding complexity in cancer biochemistry but also in early clinical diagnosis. Based on understandings of the LDH altered metabolism, new therapy option is created with aims to blocking certain metabolic pathways and stop tumors growth.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Glucose; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 26530363
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_8 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Dec 2021The role of conventional serum tumor marker, carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), in assisting diagnosis, monitoring dynamic progression, and evaluating the prognosis of... (Review)
Review
The role of conventional serum tumor marker, carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), in assisting diagnosis, monitoring dynamic progression, and evaluating the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) should not be ignored, especially in the Chinese population. Even though CA72-4 has been used in clinical practice for decades, its modest positivity rate, sensitivity, and specificity did not meet the high demand of the clinical application. However, over the years, some progress in the functions of CA72-4 has been achieved, suggesting that CA72-4 can still be considered a promising marker in oncology. As a biomarker, CA72-4 can achieve improved sensitivity (SEN) and specificity (SPE) when combined with other biomarkers, selecting suitable reference values, improving detection techniques, and identifying the risk threshold. As a predictor, elevated serum CA72-4 levels were found to be significantly associated with prognostic risk factors, further assessing therapeutic validity and resectability. Recently, an effective method to reduce the toxicity of CA72-4 targeted therapy has been developed. Moreover, CA72-4 could induce novel aptamers to react with tumor cells and enhance the efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2-positive GC. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the most recent application of CA72-4 in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of GC.
Topics: Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Prognosis; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 34656687
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188634 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Apr 2019Newer treatment strategy based on proliferative nuclear marker Ki-67 targeted therapy holds promise for prioritized/personalized treatment options with regard to... (Review)
Review
Newer treatment strategy based on proliferative nuclear marker Ki-67 targeted therapy holds promise for prioritized/personalized treatment options with regard to improved survival and outcome in patients with renal cancer. Over the past decade, the importance of Ki-67 in prognosis of breast cancer has been widely studied, however very few studies and literatures are available in the context of renal cancer which has an increasing incidence internationally. The focus of this present review is to fill the gaps pertaining to its prognosis and management with newly understood mechanisms of targeted interventions. Recent breakthrough discoveries have highlighted the correlation of Ki-67 expression to stage and metastatic potential in renal tumours. A better understanding of molecular structure and different protein domains along with its regulation will provide evidence for precise target thereby controlling the proliferation rate correlated with decrease in the Ki-67 protein levels. Therapies targeting Ki-67 is still in the preclinical stage, besides its diagnostic and/or prognostic significance, a better understanding of targeted strategical studies is required for extrapolation to the clinical use. Current understanding of the associated molecular pathways and the precise role of Ki-67 could streamline the basis for predicting renal cancer outcome.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 30653951
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.011 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Apr 2022Ferroptosis plays a key role in the death of cells including cardiomyocytes, and it is related to a variety of cardiac diseases. However, the role of ferroptosis-related...
Ferroptosis plays a key role in the death of cells including cardiomyocytes, and it is related to a variety of cardiac diseases. However, the role of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well characterized. We downloaded CAD-related information and FRGs from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and Ferroptosis Database (FerrDb) respectively. A total of 10 CAD-related DE-FRGs were obtained, which were closely linked to autophagy regulation and immune response. Subsequently, CA9, CBS, CEBPG, HSPB1, SLC1A4, STMN1 and TRIB3 among the 10 DE-FRGs were identified as marker genes by LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms, which had tolerable diagnostic capabilities. Subsequent functional enrichment analysis showed that these marker genes may play a corresponding role in CAD by participating in the regulation of immune response, amino acid metabolism, cell cycle and multiple pathways related to the pathogenesis of CAD. Furthermore, a total of 58 drugs targeting 7 marker genes had been obtained. On the contrary, the ceRNA network revealed a complex regulatory relationship based on the marker genes. Also, CIBERSORT analysis showed that the changes in the immune microenvironment of CAD patients may be related to CBS, HSPB1 and CEBPG. We developed a diagnostic potency and provided an insight for exploring the mechanism for CAD. Before clinical application, further research is needed to test its diagnostic value for CAD.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System ASC; Biomarkers, Tumor; Coronary Artery Disease; Ferroptosis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans
PubMed: 35152560
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17239 -
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Jan 2022Cancer as one of the most common causes of death has always been one of the major health challenges globally. Since, the identification of tumors in the early tumor... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cancer as one of the most common causes of death has always been one of the major health challenges globally. Since, the identification of tumors in the early tumor stages can significantly reduce mortality rates; it is required to introduce novel early detection tumor markers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have pivotal roles in regulation of cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tumor progression. Moreover, due to the higher stability of miRNAs than mRNAs in body fluids, they can be considered as non-invasive diagnostic or prognostic markers in cancer patients.
AREAS COVERED
In the present review we have summarized the role of miR-217 during tumor progressions. The functions were categorized based on its target molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways.
EXPERT OPINION
It was observed that mainly exerts its function by regulation of the transcription factors during tumor progressions. The WNT, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were also important molecular targets of in different cancers. The present review clarifies the molecular biology of and paves the way of introducing miR-217 as a non-invasive diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in cancer therapy.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
PubMed: 34883033
DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2017284 -
Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2019Alteration of glycosylation, a hallmark of cancer, results in the production of tumor-associated glycans or glycoproteins. These molecules are subsequently secreted or... (Review)
Review
Alteration of glycosylation, a hallmark of cancer, results in the production of tumor-associated glycans or glycoproteins. These molecules are subsequently secreted or membrane-shed into the blood stream and thus serve as tumor-associated markers. Increased glycosylation in cancer is triggered by overexpression of glycoproteins that carry certain specific glycans, increase or decrease of nucleotide sugar donors and altered expression of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase enzymes. In this chapter, the biochemistry and function of glycoprotein, glycan and enzyme markers are reviewed. These glycosylation markers, applicable for detection and monitoring of cancer, include CA19-9, CA125, CEA, PSA and AFP. Because of their specific affinity to distinct sugar moieties, lectins are useful for developing assays to detect these tumor associated glycans and glycoproteins in clinical samples. As such, various enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA) have been developed for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis. Because glycosylation changes occur early in cancer, the detection of tumor associated glycosylation markers using lectin based assays is an effective strategy to improve diagnosis and treatment resulting better outcomes clinically.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Neoplasms; Polysaccharides; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 30797469
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.12.005 -
Journal of Molecular Histology Dec 2023Therapeutic and diagnostic progresses have significantly reduced the mortality rate among cancer patients during the last decade. However, there is still a high rate of... (Review)
Review
Therapeutic and diagnostic progresses have significantly reduced the mortality rate among cancer patients during the last decade. However, there is still a high rate of mortality among cancer patients. One of the important reasons involved in the high mortality rate is the late diagnosis in advanced tumor stages that causes the failure of therapeutic strategies in these patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression has an important role in introducing the efficient early detection markers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as stable factors in body fluids are always considered as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers. In the present review, we investigated the role of miR-495 in tumor progression. It has been reported that miR-495 has mainly a tumor suppressor function through the regulation of transcription factors and tyrosine kinases as well as cellular processes such as multidrug resistance, chromatin remodeling, and signaling pathways. This review can be an effective step towards introducing the miR-495 as a non-invasive diagnostic/prognostic marker as well as a suitable target in tumor therapy.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers, Tumor; Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; Prognosis; Signal Transduction; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
PubMed: 37759132
DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10159-0