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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Global ocean warming results in an increase of infectious diseases including an elevated emergence of spp. in Northern Europe. The European Centre for Disease...
Global ocean warming results in an increase of infectious diseases including an elevated emergence of spp. in Northern Europe. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported annual periods of high to very high risks of infection with spp. during summer months along the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts. Based on those facts, the risk of infections associated with recreational bathing in European coastal waters increases. To obtain an overview of the seasonal and spatial distribution of potentially human pathogenic spp. at German coasts, this study monitored , , and at seven recreational bathing areas from 2017 to 2018, including the heat wave event in summer 2018. The study shows that all three species occurred in water and sediment samples at all sampling sites. Temperature was shown to be the main driving factor of abundance, whereas community composition was mainly modulated by salinity. A species-specific rapid increase was observed at water temperatures above 10°C, reaching the highest detection numbers during the heat wave event with abundances of 4.5 log10 CFU+1/100 ml of seawater and 6.5 log10 CFU+1/100 g of sediment. Due to salinity, the dominant species found in North Sea samples was , whereas was predominantly detected in Baltic Sea samples. Most detections of were associated with estuarine samples from both seas. spp. concentrations in sediments were up to three log higher compared to water samples, indicating that sediments are an important habitat for spp. to persist in the environment. Antibiotic resistances were found against beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin 31%, cefazolin 36%, and oxacillin and penicillin 100%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (45%). Moreover, isolates harboring pathogenicity-associated genes such as for as well as , /, and the 16S rRNA-type B variant for were detected. All sampled isolates were identified as non-toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 serotypes. To sum up, increasing water temperatures at German North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts provoke elevated numbers and encourage human recreational water activities, resulting in increased exposure rates. Owing to a moderate Baltic Sea salinity, the risk of infections is of particular concern.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Water
PubMed: 35937704
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.846819 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Mar 2022infection is a highly fatal disease resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing the organism. It has been a...
BACKGROUND
infection is a highly fatal disease resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing the organism. It has been a nationally notifiable disease since 2000 in Korea. The aims of this study were to assess the trends in the incidence of infection and its case fatality rate and to determine the epidemiologic characteristics to effectively prevent infection and lower mortality.
METHODS
We analyzed the incidence trends of infection by year, month, and region in 913 cases reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC, currently Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) by the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2001 to 2016. We analyzed the number of patients with infection who were under the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and whose coastal seawater temperature data were provided by the Korea Oceanographic Data Center of the National Institute of Fisheries Science. Epidemiological investigations were followed up and analyzed for 761 patients from 2003 to 2016. A total of 152 patients who were not followed up were excluded from the analysis. The case fatality rate was analyzed for 325 cases reported to the KCDC from 2011 to 2016.
RESULTS
The mean incidence of infection was 0.12 per 100,000 people, and the highest incidence was reported in September (41.1%) during the study period. The incidence rate per 100,000 people was the highest in Jeonnam (8.23). The number of patients who claimed to the NHIS was the highest in September (105 patients). The average seawater temperature was the highest at 24.1°C in August, and the average seawater temperature from August to October, when many cases occurred, was 22.4°C. The male-to-female ratio was 6:1, and 96.4% of the patients were aged ≥ 40 years. Of the patients, 96.1% had underlying diseases, the most common of which was liver cirrhosis (56.3%). The case fatality rate was 48.9%.
CONCLUSION
The occurrence of infection showed distinct seasonality, with a large number of cases occurring in the months when the seawater temperature was high; there were also distinct geographical characteristics. The incidence of infection and mortality rates have not decreased for decades, and it is still an important public health problem with a high fatality rate.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Republic of Korea; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 35257530
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e79 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raises the issue of how hypoxia destroys normal physiological function and host immunity against pathogens. However, there are few or...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raises the issue of how hypoxia destroys normal physiological function and host immunity against pathogens. However, there are few or no comprehensive omics studies on this effect. From an evolutionary perspective, animals living in complex and changeable marine environments might develop signaling pathways to address bacterial threats under hypoxia. In this study, the ancient genomic model animal and widespread were utilized to study the effect. . was challenged by . or (and) exposed to hypoxia. The effects of hypoxia and infection were identified, and a theoretical model of the host critical signaling pathway in response to hypoxia and infection was defined by methods of comparative metabolomics and proteomics on the entire liver. The changing trends of some differential metabolites and proteins under hypoxia, infection or double stressors were consistent. The model includes transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathways, and the consistent changing trends indicated that the host liver tended toward cell proliferation. Hypoxia and infection caused tissue damage and fibrosis in the portal area of the liver, which may be related to TGF-β1 signal transduction. We propose that LRG (leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein) is widely involved in the transition of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in response to hypoxia and pathogenic infection in vertebrates as a conserved molecule.
Topics: Animals; Epidermal Growth Factor; Hypoxia; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Metabolomics; Proteomics; Signal Transduction; Takifugu; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 35095928
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.825358 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2016
Topics: Amputation, Surgical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Debridement; Fasciotomy; Finger Injuries; Fingers; Humans; Lacerations; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 27806242
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcps1512793 -
Journal of Aquatic Animal Health Mar 2019Current growth in aquaculture production is parallel with the increasing number of disease outbreaks, which negatively affect the production, profitability, and... (Review)
Review
Current growth in aquaculture production is parallel with the increasing number of disease outbreaks, which negatively affect the production, profitability, and sustainability of the global aquaculture industry. Vibriosis is among the most common diseases leading to massive mortality of cultured shrimp, fish, and shellfish in Asia. High incidence of vibriosis can occur in hatchery and grow-out facilities, but juveniles are more susceptible to the disease. Various factors, particularly the source of fish, environmental factors (including water quality and farm management), and the virulence factors of Vibrio, influence the occurrence of the disease. Affected fish show weariness, with necrosis of skin and appendages, leading to body malformation, slow growth, internal organ liquefaction, blindness, muscle opacity, and mortality. A combination of control measures, particularly a disease-free source of fish, biosecurity of the farm, improved water quality, and other preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) might be able to control the infection. Although some control measures are expensive and less practical, vaccination is effective, relatively cheap, and easily implemented. In this review, the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis and control of vibriosis, including vaccination, is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Incidence; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 30246889
DOI: 10.1002/aah.10045 -
Cutis Feb 2021Vibrio vulnificus is a motile, gram-negative, halophilic, aquatic bacterium that is part of the normal estuarine microbiome and typically is found in warm coastal... (Review)
Review
Vibrio vulnificus is a motile, gram-negative, halophilic, aquatic bacterium that is part of the normal estuarine microbiome and typically is found in warm coastal waters. Infection with the pathogen typically is due to consumption of contaminated seafood or exposure to contaminated seawater. Vibrio vulnificus has a mortality rate of almost 33% in the United States and is responsible for more than 95% of seafood-related deaths in the United States. Vibrio vulnificus can cause a vast spectrum of diseases, such as gastroenteritis, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and sepsis. Gastroenteritis is self-limited, whereas septicemia often is fatal. Gastroenteritis and septicemia are caused by ingestion of contaminated shellfish, whereas wound infections and necrotizing fasciitis are caused by exposure to contaminated seawater or handling of contaminated seafood. Septicemia is the most common presentation of V vulnificus and accounts for the most fatalities from the bacteria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital to prevent mortality. It is important to keep V vulnificus on the differential when a patient presents with bullae or cellulitis or has a history of raw seafood consumption or exposure to brackish water, as missing the diagnosis could lead to necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, and death.
Topics: Cellulitis; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Sepsis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 33891847
DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0183 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 2018
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Journal of Aquatic Animal Health Mar 2019In September 2016, a marine fish farm operator in Selangor, Malaysia, reported a disease outbreak affecting juvenile hybrid groupers (Camouflage Grouper Epinephelus...
In September 2016, a marine fish farm operator in Selangor, Malaysia, reported a disease outbreak affecting juvenile hybrid groupers (Camouflage Grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion × Tiger Grouper E. fuscoguttatus). The average daily mortality was 120 fish, resulting in a cumulative mortality rate of 29% within 10 d. The affected hybrid groupers displayed lethargy, excessive mucus production, rotten fins, congestion of livers and kidneys, and enlargement of spleens. Microscopically, general congestion of the brains and internal organs was evident. Vibrio harveyi and V. alginolyticus were successfully isolated from the diseased fish. The isolated pathogens were found to be sensitive to oxytetracycline and tetracycline, but resistant towards ampicillin and vancomycin. Experimental infections using the isolated V. harveyi (10 CFU/mL), V. alginolyticus (10 CFU/mL), and concurrent infection by V. harveyi (10 CFU/mL) and V. alginolyticus (10 CFU/mL) in juvenile Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer resulted in 60, 100, and 100% mortality, respectively, within 240 h postinfection. The experimentally infected Asian Seabass demonstrated similar clinical signs and histopathological changes as the naturally infected hybrid groupers. However, concurrently infected fish demonstrated severe clinical signs and histopathological changes compared with single infections. These results suggest that both isolates of Vibrio are pathogenic to fish and responsible for the disease outbreak. However, concurrent infection involving V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi leads to a more devastating impact to the cultured fish. This is the first report of concurrent Vibrio infection in cultured marine fish in Malaysia.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Bass; Coinfection; Fish Diseases; Malaysia; Prevalence; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus
PubMed: 30536485
DOI: 10.1002/aah.10055 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Oct 2021Background spp. are aquatic bacteria that prefer warm seawater with moderate salinity. In humans, they can cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, and ear infections....
Background spp. are aquatic bacteria that prefer warm seawater with moderate salinity. In humans, they can cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, and ear infections. During the summers of 2018 and 2019, unprecedented high sea surface temperatures were recorded in the German Baltic Sea.AimWe aimed to describe the clinical course and microbiological characteristics of infections in Germany in 2018 and 2019.MethodsWe performed an observational retrospective multi-centre cohort study of patients diagnosed with domestically-acquired infections in Germany in 2018 and 2019. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were assessed, and isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.ResultsOf the 63 patients with infections, most contracted the virus between June and September, primarily in the Baltic Sea: 44 (70%) were male and the median age was 65 years (range: 2-93 years). Thirty-eight patients presented with wound infections, 16 with ear infections, six with gastroenteritis, two with pneumonia (after seawater aspiration) and one with primary septicaemia. The majority of infections were attributed to (non-O1/non-O139) (n = 30; 48%) or (n = 22; 38%). Phylogenetic analyses of 12 available isolates showed clusters of three identical strains of , which caused wound infections, suggesting that some clonal lines can spread across the Baltic Sea.ConclusionsDuring the summers of 2018 and 2019, severe heatwaves facilitated increased numbers of infections in Germany. Since climate change is likely to favour the proliferation of these bacteria, a further increase in -associated diseases is expected.
Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Germany; Humans; Male; Phylogeny; Retrospective Studies; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 34651572
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.41.2002041 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Dec 2020Aquatic animals are frequently threated by bacterial pathogens. The most economic and efficient protection against bacterial infection are through vaccine immunization....
Aquatic animals are frequently threated by bacterial pathogens. The most economic and efficient protection against bacterial infection are through vaccine immunization. The various serotypes of the pathogens, such as Vibrios, hurdle the development of the vaccines, especially polyvalent vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant bacterial ghost is a good candidate for multivalent vaccine. By expressing PhiX174 gene E alone or co-expressing the gene E with two genes encoding outer membrane proteins (VP1667 and VP2369) in V. parahaemolyticus, we generated the recombinant V. parahaemolyticus ghosts VPG and rVPGs respectively. Fish immunized with either VPG or rVPG showed increased survival against the infection by either V. parahaemolyticus or V. alginolyticus, with a better protective effect by immunization with rVPG. Our furthermore studies show that rVPG stimulates stronger innate immune responses by increasing the expression of tnfα, il1β, il6, il8 and il10 as well as that of c3b, lyz, and tlr5, the key players linking the innate and adaptive immune responses upon microbial stimulation. In summary, VPG and rVPG can protect zebrafish against the infection from at least two Vibrio species, suggesting its potential value for further aquaculture vaccines development.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Fish Diseases; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Zebrafish
PubMed: 33038509
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.009