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Fish & Shellfish Immunology Mar 2020Vibrio harveyi, a severe pathogen infects different kinds of sea animals, causes huge economic loss in aquaculture industry. In order to control the Vibriosis disease...
Vibrio harveyi, a severe pathogen infects different kinds of sea animals, causes huge economic loss in aquaculture industry. In order to control the Vibriosis disease caused mainly by V. harveyi and other Vibrio spp., the best solution lies in developing corresponding efficient vaccines. In this study, we have cloned and analysed a putative antigen TssJ from the T6SS of V. harveyi, which has the potential as a vaccine against infection. The sequence analysis and western blotting experiments indicated that TssJ anchored in outer membrane and there were several antigenic determinants existed on its extracellular region. Two forms of universal vaccines, subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine, were developed based on TssJ and applied in Trachinotus ovatus. The results showed that both of the two vaccines could generate a moderate protection in fish against V. harveyi. The relative percentage survival (RPS) of subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine were 52.39% and 69.11%, respectively. Immunological analysis showed both subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine enhanced acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, and lysozyme activities. Specific serum antibodies against TssJ in the fish vaccinated with subunit vaccine was much higher than that in the DNA vaccine group. Several immune-related genes, i.e., IL10, C3, MHC Iα, MHC IIα, and IgM, were induced both by the two forms of vaccines. TNFα and Mx were only upregulated in the DNA vaccine group. However, the induction levels of these genes induced by DNA vaccine were higher than subunit vaccine. All these findings suggested that TssJ from V. harveyi had a potential application value in vaccine industry.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Vaccines, DNA; Vaccines, Subunit; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 31887410
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.079 -
International Journal of Food... Jun 2021Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is commonly found in marine and estuarine environments worldwide and isolated from aquatic products, is one of the most important...
Genetic and serological characterization of capsular antigen untypeable Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains reveal novel K serotypes and epidemiological characteristics in Shandong, China.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is commonly found in marine and estuarine environments worldwide and isolated from aquatic products, is one of the most important food-borne pathogens. Among the various typing methods, serotyping is widely accepted and utilized by infectious disease specialists and infection control agencies for the detection and epidemiological investigation of this pathogen. Thus far, 13 O serotypes and 71 K serotypes have been defined; however, untypeable strains are frequently isolated during routine detection, and some new O and/or K antigens have been identified and characterized. During a serotyping survey in Shandong province, China from 2016 to 2018, we collected 411 clinical V. parahaemolyticus strains and found that nine of them are untypeable K antigen strains. In this study, we identified three K serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus through in-depth genetic analysis of the K antigen gene cluster, serological tests, and the production of antisera. Among the nine strains, seven possess K untypeable 2 (KUT2) antigens, which have been reported recently by another group. However, two new O and K combinations (O3:KUT2 and O11:KUT2) were first characterized by us, with the remaining two each representing a novel K serotype. Moreover, through comparative genomic analysis, we showed that the Shandong KUT2 strains exhibit different virulence profiles compared to their identical K serotype partners from Zhejiang province, another Chinese coastal province; however, strains from these two regions are clustered into the same linage and may have evolved from a recent common ancestor. Additionally, one isolate, SD2016062, was phylogenetically similar to the strains associated with several local gastroenteritis outbreaks, with similar toxin patterns, suggesting its potential to cause sporadic occurrences of disease or even local pandemics. Finally, we developed a sero-specific PCR assay targeting the three novel K serotypes, which can monitor the V. parahaemolyticus spectrum for clinical and epidemiological purposes. Thus, we identified and characterized novel strains of V. parahaemolyticus and proposed a new technique for tracking the diversity of strains, which can help manage this food-borne pathogen.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Surface; China; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Molecular Typing; O Antigens; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serogroup; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence
PubMed: 33839439
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109188 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2023Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The...
Oxidative stress, gene expression and histopathology of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) naturally co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus.
BACKGROUND
Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, histopathology, and immune gene expression profile of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus.
RESULTS
Vibrio alginolyticus and Ergasilus sieboldi were identified using 16 S rRNA and 28 S rRNA sequencing, respectively. The collagenase virulence gene was found in all Vibrio alginolyticus isolates, and the multiple antimicrobial resistance index ranged from 0.286 to 0.857. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters in the gills, skin, and muscles of naturally infected fish revealed increased lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in catalase and glutathione antioxidant activities. Moreover, naturally co-infected gilthead sea bream exhibited substantial up-regulation of il-1β, tnf-α, and cyp1a1. Ergasilus sieboldi encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, exhibited severe gill architectural deformation with extensive eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Vibrio alginolyticus infection caused skin and muscle necrosis in gilthead sea bream.
CONCLUSION
This study described some details about the gill, skin and muscle tissue defense mechanisms of gilthead sea bream against Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus co-infections. The prevalence of co-infections was 100%, and no resistant fish were detected. These co-infections imbalance the health status of the fish by hampering the oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms and proinflammatory/inflammatory immune genes to a more detrimental side. Our results suggest that simultaneous screening for bacterial and parasitic pathogens should be considered.
Topics: Animals; Sea Bream; Vibrio alginolyticus; Antioxidants; Coinfection; Vibrio Infections; Gene Expression; Oxidative Stress; Oxidants; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 38104092
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03840-9 -
Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu... Mar 2022This article analyzed the medical records of two patients with Vibrio vulnificus primary sepsis who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical...
This article analyzed the medical records of two patients with Vibrio vulnificus primary sepsis who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University and reviewed the latest literature. On November 6, 2019, a 54-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital. The patient's lower limbs were red, swollen, and painful with ecchymosis and hemorrhagic bullae after he ate freshwater products. The emergency fasciotomy was performed 3 h after admission, and the multiple organ failure occurred after operation. The patient was given up treatment 24 h after admission. On August 12, 2020, a 73-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital. He was in shock state on admission and had hemorrhagic bullae on his right lower limb after he ate seafood. At 3 h post admission, he underwent emergency surgical exploration and amputation of right thigh. Six days later, he received negative pressure wound treatment on the stump. On the 13 day post admission, his families forgo the active treatment and he died 15 d after admission. The two cases were both failed to be diagnosed at the first time, and the disease progressed rapidly. Necrotizing fasciitis and multiple organ failure occurred. After the diagnosis was confirmed, timely fasciotomy and high amputation were performed respectively. The microbiological examinations both reported . Although the 2 cases were not cured successfully, the course of disease and some indexes of patient with early amputation were better than those of patients with fasciotomy. is widely distributed and frequently detected in fresh water products. The pathogenic pathway is fuzzy and complex, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed. It is necessary to establish the treatment process of sepsis. Early and aggressive surgical intervention should be carried out as soon as possible, fasciotomy and debridement should be thorough, and the patients with hemorrhagic bullae should be amputated early. Postoperative comprehensive measures are also important for improving the survival rate of patients.
Topics: Aged; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failure; Sepsis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 35325973
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20201027-00448 -
Toxins Jul 2021Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product,... (Review)
Review
Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to ~60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Aquaculture; Hepatopancreas; Necrosis; Penaeidae; Vibrio Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 34437395
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080524 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jun 2024The interaction between environmental factors and Vibrio in bivalves is not well understood, despite the widely held belief that pathogen infection and seawater...
The interaction between environmental factors and Vibrio in bivalves is not well understood, despite the widely held belief that pathogen infection and seawater temperature significantly impact summer mortality. In the present study, we conducted simulated experiments to explore the effects of high temperature and Vibrio infection on the clam Meretrix petechialis. The survival curve analysis revealed that the combined challenge of high temperature and Vibrio infection (31°C-vibrio) led to significantly higher clam mortality compared to the groups exposed solely to Vibrio (27°C-vibrio), high temperature (31°C-control), and the control condition (27°C-control). Furthermore, PCoA analysis of 11 immune genes indicated that Vibrio infection predominated during the incubation period, with a gradual equilibrium between these factors emerging during the course of the infection. Additionally, our investigations into apoptosis and autophagy processes exhibited significant induction of mTOR and Bcl2 of the 31°C-vibrio group in the early challenge stage, followed by inhibition in the later stage. Oxidative stress analysis demonstrated a substantial additive effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) content in the combined challenge group compared to the control group. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a significant increase in differentially expressed genes related to immunity, such as complement C1q-like protein, C-type lectin, big defensin, and lysozyme, in the 31°C-vibrio group, suggesting that the synergistic effect of high temperature and Vibrio infection triggers more robust antibacterial immune responses. These findings provide critical insights for understanding the infection process and uncovering the causes of summer mortality.
Topics: Animals; Bivalvia; Oxidative Stress; Vibrio; Apoptosis; Hot Temperature; Seasons; Immunity, Innate; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 38579976
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109542 -
Genes Jan 2021Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new class of non-coding RNA that is structured into a closed loop without polyadenylation. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are involved...
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new class of non-coding RNA that is structured into a closed loop without polyadenylation. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are involved in the host immune response to pathogen infection. Japanese flounder (), an important economical marine fish cultured in north Asia, is affected by , a pathogenic bacterium that can infect a large number of fish. In this study, we systematically explored the circRNAs in the spleen of -infected flounder at different infection time points. A total of 6581 circRNAs were identified, 148 of which showed differential expression patterns after infection and were named DEcirs. Most of the DEcirs were strongly time-specific. The parental genes of the DEcirs were identified and functionally classified into diverse pathways, including immune-related pathways. Among the immune-related DEcirs, seven were predicted to sponge 18 targeted miRNAs that were differentially expressed during infection (named DETmiRs). Further analysis showed that the DEcirs and their corresponding DETmiRs intertwined into complicated immune related networks. These results indicate that in flounder, circRNAs are regulated by and form interactive networks with mRNAs and miRNAs that likely play important roles in the immune defense against pathogen infection.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Flounder; RNA, Circular; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 33467444
DOI: 10.3390/genes12010100 -
Communications Biology Aug 2021As a critical evolutionary pivot between invertebrates and vertebrates, lampreys provide rich genetic information. Lamprey immune protein (LIP) is a key immune...
As a critical evolutionary pivot between invertebrates and vertebrates, lampreys provide rich genetic information. Lamprey immune protein (LIP) is a key immune regulator. MicroRNAs, well-conserved in the response to immunological stress, remain understudied in lamprey immunity. We generated a lamprey microRNA expression atlas, using deep sequencing, upon Vibrio anguillarum infection. Using comparative methods, we found that miR-4561 potentially regulates innate immunity via interaction with lip. We found a sequence in the 3'-UTR region of LIP mRNA complementary to the miR-4561 seed region; miR-4561 expression was negatively correlated with LIP. During V. anguillarum infection, miR-4561 inhibited LIP expression and bacterial clearance. Notably, LIP expression in supraneural body cells was necessary for the Gram-negative immune response. Additionally, we observed that overexpression of miR-4561 induced apoptosis in embryonic cells, suggesting a role in embryonic development. Collectively, we show lamprey microRNAs may significantly affect gene regulation and provide new insights on LIP-mediated immune regulation.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Lampreys; Lip; MicroRNAs; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 34417547
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02525-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Bacterial diseases caused by spp. are prevalent in aquaculture and can lead to high mortality rates among aquatic species and significant economic losses. With the...
Bacterial diseases caused by spp. are prevalent in aquaculture and can lead to high mortality rates among aquatic species and significant economic losses. With the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, phage therapy is being explored as a potential alternative to antibiotics for biocontrol of infectious diseases. Here, a new lytic phage named vB_VhaS_R21Y (R21Y) was isolated against BVH1 obtained from seawater from a scallop-farming area in Rongcheng, China. Its morphology, infection cycle, lytic profile, phage stability, and genetic features were characterized. Transmission electronic microscopy indicated that R21Y is siphovirus-like, comprising an icosahedral head (diameter 73.31 ± 2.09 nm) and long noncontractile tail (205.55 ± 0.75 nm). In a one-step growth experiment, R21Y had a 40-min latent period and a burst size of 35 phage particles per infected cell. R21Y was highly species-specific in the host range test and was relatively stable at pH 4-10 and 4-55 °C. Genomic analysis showed that R21Y is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of 82,795 bp and GC content of 47.48%. Its high tolerance and lytic activity indicated that R21Y may be a candidate for phage therapy in controlling vibriosis in aquacultural systems.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio; Bacteriophages; Vibrio Infections; Genomics; Genome, Viral
PubMed: 38003392
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216202 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Dec 2021Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) are distributed universally in vertebrates and invertebrates. These proteins contain fibrinogen-like (FBG) domains in their...
Identification and diversity of fibrinogen-related protein (FREP) gene family in Haliotis discus hannai, H. rufescens, and H. laevigata and their responses to Vibrio parahemolyticus infection.
Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) are distributed universally in vertebrates and invertebrates. These proteins contain fibrinogen-like (FBG) domains in their C-terminal region and involve in immune responses and other aspects of physiology in invertebrates. In this study, 54 proteins that contain FBG domains or a fibrinogen_c domain were identified in Haliotis discus hannai. Comparatively, 88 and 63 FREPs were identified from the genomes of H. rufescens and H. laevigata. Most FREPs of abalones had a conserved motif containing a bound calcium ion site and a second conserved motif containing a polymerization pocket site. By sequence analysis, 394 SNPs and 11 Indels were identified in 20 FREP genes of the whole genome of H. discus hannai; 992 SNPs and 42 Indels were found in 64 FREPs of H. rufescens, and 192 SNPs and 12 Indels were found in 21 FREPs of H. laevigata. Among these SNPs, 92 missense mutation sites were identified in 26 FREP genes of H. rufescens, and 12 were identified in 8 FREP genes of H. laevigata. Due to the poor genomic integrity, annotations of the SNPs or Indels in H. discus hannai did not yield missense mutant sites. FREP genes with polymorphisms were ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues; however, the expression is lowest in the hemolymph. In response to Vibrio parahemolyticus infection, expression of FREP genes was significantly upregulated at different exposure times in gills, hepatopancreas, and hemolymph in H. discus hannai. Overall, this study documented the FREP genes of abalones and shed light on the role of FREPs in the innate immune system of these aquaculture species for the prevention and control of diseases.
Topics: Animals; Fibrinogen; Gastropoda; Genome; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 34740769
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.041