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Genes Oct 2019The poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. As the global...
The poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. As the global population continues to increase, so does our reliance on poultry as a food source. It is therefore of vital importance that we safeguard this valuable resource and make the industry as economically competitive as possible. Avian viral infections, however, continue to cost the poultry industry billions of dollars annually. This can be in terms of vaccination costs, loss of birds and decreased production. With a view to improving the health and welfare of commercial birds and to minimizing associated economic losses, it is therefore of great importance that we try to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility and resilience to some of the major viral pathogens that threaten the poultry species. Some avian viruses, through their zoonotic potential, also pose a risk to human health. This Special Issue will present papers that describe our current knowledge on host responses to various viral pathogens, the genetics underlying those responses and how genomics can begin to provide a solution for resolving the threat posed by these infections.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomics; Influenza in Birds; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination
PubMed: 31618995
DOI: 10.3390/genes10100814 -
Viruses Jul 2020Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the... (Review)
Review
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the heptad repeat, with leucine residues at every seventh position in the domain. These leucine residues enable homo- and heterodimerization between ZIP domain α-helices, generating coiled-coil structures that stabilize interactions between adjacent DNA-binding domains and target DNA substrates. Several cancer-causing viruses encode viral bZIP TFs, including human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the herpesviruses Marek's disease virus (MDV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these viral bZIP TFs and their impact on viral replication, host cell responses and cell fate.
Topics: Animals; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; Deltaretrovirus; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Mardivirus; Oncogenic Viruses; Phylogeny; Tumor Virus Infections; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 32674309
DOI: 10.3390/v12070757 -
JCI Insight Feb 2024Intrahepatic macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are heterogenous and include proinflammatory recruited monocyte-derived macrophages. The receptor for...
Intrahepatic macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are heterogenous and include proinflammatory recruited monocyte-derived macrophages. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is expressed on macrophages and can be activated by damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upregulated in NASH, yet the role of macrophage-specific RAGE signaling in NASH is unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that RAGE-expressing macrophages are proinflammatory and mediate liver inflammation in NASH. Compared with healthy controls, RAGE expression was increased in liver biopsies from patients with NASH. In a high-fat, -fructose, and -cholesterol-induced (FFC)-induced murine model of NASH, RAGE expression was increased, specifically on recruited macrophages. FFC mice that received a pharmacological inhibitor of RAGE (TTP488), and myeloid-specific RAGE KO mice (RAGE-MKO) had attenuated liver injury associated with a reduced accumulation of RAGE+ recruited macrophages. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that pathways of macrophage and T cell activation were upregulated by FFC diet, inhibited by TTP488 treatment, and reduced in RAGE-MKO mice. Correspondingly, the secretome of ligand-stimulated BM-derived macrophages from RAGE-MKO mice had an attenuated capacity to activate CD8+ T cells. Our data implicate RAGE as what we propose to be a novel and potentially targetable mediator of the proinflammatory signaling of recruited macrophages in NASH.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Hepatitis; Macrophages; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
PubMed: 38175729
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169138 -
Poultry Science Jul 2018The various methods employed for the in ovo administration of different materials for promoting the health and productivity of poultry are discussed in this review... (Review)
Review
The various methods employed for the in ovo administration of different materials for promoting the health and productivity of poultry are discussed in this review article. The amnion has proven to be an effective site for injection and the timing of in ovo injection has commonly occurred at transfer. However, the volumes and dosages or concentrations of the materials administered vary depending on bird type, egg size, timing and site of injection, incubation system and regimen, and the type of material. Both manual and automated injections have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, commercial application mandates automation. Materials described in the literature over the past 20 years or more for in ovo use in avian species include vaccines, drugs, hormones, competitive exclusion cultures and prebiotics, and supplemental nutrients. Vaccines approved for in ovo delivery include those for Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox, Newcastle disease, and coccidiosis. Some of the materials listed above have been shown to be viable candidates for enhancing immunity and for promoting embryonic and posthatch development. Several reports have indicated that probiotics may be effectively used to fight intestinal bacterial infections, and folic aid, as well as egg white protein and various amino acids, including L-arginine, L-lysine, L-histidine, HMB, and threonine alone or in combination, have been shown to benefit embryonic development or posthatch performance. Furthermore, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, vitamins C and E, and thyme and savory have the potential to enhance immunity, carbohydrates can be used to increase tissue glycogen stores, and creatine can be used to promote muscle growth. Trace minerals and vitamin D3 have shown potential to improve bone strength, and potassium chloride may be an effective alternative electrolyte in vaccine diluent. The in ovo application of these and other materials will continue to expand and provide further benefits to the poultry industry.
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Injections; Ovum; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 29617899
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey081 -
Endokrynologia Polska 2019Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. One of the most important risk factors... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. One of the most important risk factors responsible for atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases is hyperlipidaemia. Currently, hyperlipidaemias are divided into several clinical entities. The greatest risk is associated with hypercholesterolaemia. As a result, modern guidelines for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis focus predominantly on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol. Hypertriglyceridaemia and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, which are responsible for a less significant increase in the cardiovascular risk, are nowadays secondary targets of the treatment. During the work-up for hyperlipidaemia one of the essential actions is the exclusion of secondary causes of the lipid abnormalities. Those include, among others, endocrine diseases, diabetes, drugs, nephrotic syndrome, and pregnancy. Data regarding the impact of endocrine disease and diabetes on the lipid profile are scattered. In this review, the authors aimed to perform a thorough analysis of the available publications regarding the topic and the preparation of a comprehensive review dealing with the incidence, clinical features, and the therapy of hyperlipidaemias in patients with endocrine disease.
Topics: Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Hyperlipidemias
PubMed: 31891414
DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2019.0041 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2016Avian pathogens are responsible for major costs to society, both in terms of huge economic losses to the poultry industry and their implications for human health. The... (Review)
Review
Avian pathogens are responsible for major costs to society, both in terms of huge economic losses to the poultry industry and their implications for human health. The health and welfare of millions of birds is under continued threat from many infectious diseases, some of which are increasing in virulence and thus becoming harder to control, such as Marek's disease virus and avian influenza viruses. The current era in animal genomics has seen huge developments in both technologies and resources, which means that researchers have never been in a better position to investigate the genetics of disease resistance and determine the underlying genes/mutations which make birds susceptible or resistant to infection. Avian genomics has reached a point where the biological mechanisms of infectious diseases can be investigated and understood in poultry and other avian species. Knowledge of genes conferring disease resistance can be used in selective breeding programmes or to develop vaccines which help to control the effects of these pathogens, which have such a major impact on birds and humans alike.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomics; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 27217172
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2421 -
Poultry Science Feb 2016Alloantigen systems are a broad group of molecules found on various cell types, including erythrocytes and lymphocytes. These alloantigens, identified via specific... (Review)
Review
Alloantigen systems are a broad group of molecules found on various cell types, including erythrocytes and lymphocytes. These alloantigens, identified via specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or molecular methods, have demonstrated effects on immune responses. Erythrocyte alloantigens include the A, B, C, D, E, H, I, J, K, L, N, P, and R systems. Highly polymorphic alloantigen B has been identified as the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The other twelve systems have a variable degree of polymorphism as well as impact on immune measurements or responses against pathogens. Selection for immune characters altered allele frequencies for particular alloantigen systems. Three lymphocyte alloantigens, Bu-1, Ly-4 and Th-1 have more limited polymorphism but still influence responses against viral pathogens, Rous sarcoma virus and Marek's disease. Together, these erythrocyte and lymphocyte systems contribute to the overall immunity. Identification of the specific alloantigen proteins remains crucial to understanding their immune contribution.
Topics: Animals; Avian Proteins; Chickens; Erythrocytes; Immunity, Innate; Isoantigens; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 26527702
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev331 -
Poultry Science Feb 2024The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed... (Review)
Review
The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed countries is evident, as backyard poultry owners now raise their birds for purposes beyond self-consumption, raising animals in a familiar way, and fostering emotional bonds with them. Because backyard animals are frequently privately owned, and the resulting products are typically not marketed, very little information is available about the demographic profile of backyard owners and information on flocks' characteristics, husbandry, and welfare. Thus, this review aims to clarify the characteristics of backyard poultry, highlighting the prevalent infectious diseases and the zoonotic risk to which farmers are exposed. According to the FAO, there are different types of poultry production systems: intensive, sub-intensive, and extensive. The system conditions, requirements, and the resulting performance differ extensively due to the type of breed, feeding practices, prevalence of disease, prevention and control of diseases, flock management, and the interactions among all these factors. The presence and transmission of infectious diseases in avian species is a problem that affects both the animals themselves and public health. Bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycoplasma), parasitic (helminths, louses, and mites), and viral (Avian influenza, Newcastle, Marek, Infectious Bronchitis, Gumboro, Infectious Laringotracheitis, and Fowlpox) are the most important pathogens involved in backyard poultry health. In addition, Avian influenza, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, could be a risk for backyard farmers and/or backyard-derived products consumers. Thus, proper biosecurity implementation measures are mandatory to control them. While the principles and practices of on-farm biosecurity may be well-versed among commercial farmers, hobbyists, and backyard farmers might not be familiar with the necessary steps to protect their flocks from infectious diseases and curb their transmission. This sector represents the fourth category of poultry farming, characterized by the lowest biosecurity standards. Consequently, it is imperative to address the legal status of backyard poultry, educate owners about biosecurity measures, and promote proper veterinary care and disease control.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Influenza in Birds; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Communicable Diseases; Poultry Diseases; Animal Husbandry
PubMed: 38056053
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284 -
Poultry Science Feb 2016Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is a chicken alphaherpesvirus that causes paralysis, chronic wasting, blindness, and fatal lymphoma development in infected, susceptible host... (Review)
Review
Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is a chicken alphaherpesvirus that causes paralysis, chronic wasting, blindness, and fatal lymphoma development in infected, susceptible host birds. This disease and its protective vaccines are highly relevant research targets, given their enormous impact within the poultry industry. Further, Marek's disease (MD) serves as a valuable model for the investigation of oncogenic viruses and herpesvirus patterns of viral latency and persistence--as pertinent to human health as to poultry health. The objectives of this article are to review MDV interactions with its host from a variety of genomic, molecular, and cellular perspectives. In particular, we focus on cytogenetic studies, which precisely assess the physical status of the MDV genome in the context of the chicken host genome. Combined, the cytogenetic and genomic research indicates that MDV-host genome interactions, specifically integration of the virus into the host telomeres, is a key feature of the virus life cycle, contributing to the viral achievement of latency, transformation, and reactivation of lytic replication. We present a model that outlines the variety of virus-host interactions, at the multiple levels, and with regard to the disease states.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Mardivirus; Marek Disease; Models, Biological; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 26755654
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev369 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2023Purinergic receptors (PRs) have been reported as potential therapeutic targets for many viral infections including herpesviruses, which urges the investigation into...
Purinergic receptors (PRs) have been reported as potential therapeutic targets for many viral infections including herpesviruses, which urges the investigation into their role in Marek's disease (MD), a herpesvirus induced cancer in chickens that is an important pathogen for the poultry industry. MD is caused by MD virus (MDV) that has a similar viral life cycle as human varicella zoster virus in that it is shed from infected epithelial skin cells and enters the host through the respiratory route. In this report, PR responses during natural MDV infection and disease progression was examined in MD-resistant white Leghorns (WL) and MD-susceptible Pure Columbian (PC) chickens during natural infection. Whole lung lavage cells (WLLC) and liver tissue samples were collected from chickens infected but showing no clinical signs of MD (Infected) or presenting with clinical disease (Diseased). RNA was extracted followed by RT-qPCR analysis with gene specific primers against members of the P1, P2X, and P2Y PR families. Differential expression (p < 0.05) was observed in breed and disease conditions. Some PRs showed tissue specific expression (P1A1, P2X1, and P2X6 in WLLC) whereas others responded to MDV infection only in MD-susceptible (PC) chickens (P1A2A, P2X1, P2X5, P2X7). P2Y PRs had differential expression in both chicken lines in response to MDV infection and MD progression. This study is the first to our knowledge to examine PR responses during MDV infection and disease progression. These results suggest PR signaling may an important area of research for MDV replication and MD.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Chickens; Marek Disease; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 2, Gallid; Disease Susceptibility; Disease Progression
PubMed: 36739336
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29210-x