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Viruses Nov 2022is a zoonotic pathogen and an important fish pathogen. A new lytic phage, Ahy-yong1, against multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogen was isolated, identified, and...
is a zoonotic pathogen and an important fish pathogen. A new lytic phage, Ahy-yong1, against multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogen was isolated, identified, and tentatively used in therapy. Ahy-yong1 possesses a head of approximately 66 nm in diameter and a short tail of approximately 26 nm in length and 32 nm in width. Its complete dsDNA genome is 43,374 bp with a G + C content of 59.4%, containing 52 predicted opening reading frames (ORFs). Taxonomic analysis indicated Ahy-yong1 as a new species of the genus of the family of the class. Ahy-yong1 was active only against its indicator host strain among the 35 strains tested. It is stable at 30-40 °C and at pH 2-12. phage Ahy-yong1 revealed an effective biofilm removal capacity and an obvious protective effect in brocade carp ( Koi). The average cumulative mortality for the brocade carp in the blank groups intraperitoneally injected with PBS was 1.7% ± 2.4%;for the control groups treated with (10 CFU/fish) via intraperitoneal injection, it was 100.00%;and for the test group I, successively treated with (10 CFU/fish) and phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) via intraperitoneal injection witha time interval of 2 hours, it was only 43.4% ± 4.7%. Furthermore, the cumulative mortality of the test group II, successively treated with phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) and (10 CFU/fish), was only 20.0% ± 8.2%, and that of the test group III, simultaneously treated with phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) and (10 CFU/fish), was only 30.0% ± 8.2%. The results demonstrated that phage Ahy-yong1 was very effective in the therapies against A18, prophylaxis was more effective than rescue, and earlier treatment was better for the reduction of mortality. This study enriches knowledge about phages.
Topics: Animals; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aeromonas; Carps; Bacteriophages; Caudovirales
PubMed: 36423108
DOI: 10.3390/v14112498 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Mobile genetic elements contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria by enabling the horizontal transfer of acquired antibiotic resistance...
Mobile genetic elements contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria by enabling the horizontal transfer of acquired antibiotic resistance among different bacterial species and genera. This study characterizes the genetic backbone of in spp. and Klebsiella spp. isolated from untreated hospital effluents. Plasmids ranging in size from 9 to 244 kb, sequenced using Illumina and Nanopore platforms, revealed representatives of plasmid incompatibility groups IncP6, IncQ1, IncL/M1, IncFII, and IncFII-FIA. Different GES enzymes (GES-1, GES-7, and GES-16) were located in novel class 1 integrons in spp. and GES-5 in previously reported class 1 integrons in Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, in Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, was found in tandem as a coding sequence that disrupted the 3' conserved segment (CS). In Klebsiella grimontii, was observed in two different plasmids, and one of them carried multiple IncF replicons. Three Aeromonas caviae isolates presented , one Aeromonas veronii isolate presented , and another A. veronii isolate presented . Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed novel sequence types for and Klebsiella species. The current findings highlight the large genetic diversity of these species, emphasizing their great adaptability to the environment. The results also indicate a public health risk because these antimicrobial-resistant genes have the potential to reach wastewater treatment plants and larger water bodies. Considering that they are major interfaces between humans and the environment, they could spread throughout the community to clinical settings. In the "One Health" approach, which encompasses human, animal, and environmental health, emerging issues of antimicrobial resistance are associated with hospital effluents that contain clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria along with a wide range of antibiotic concentrations, and lack regulatory status for mandatory prior and effective treatment. genes have been reported in aquatic environments despite the low detection of these genes among clinical isolates within the studied hospitals. Carbapenemase enzymes, which are relatively unusual globally, such as GES type inserted into new integrons on plasmids, are worrisome. Notably, K. grimontii, a newly identified species, carried two plasmids with , and K. quasipneumoniae carried two copies of at the same plasmid. These kinds of plasmids are primarily responsible for multidrug resistance among bacteria in both clinical and natural environments, and they harbor resistant genes against antibiotics of key importance in clinical therapy, possibly leading to a public health problem of large proportion.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Hospitals; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Plasmids; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35880869
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02469-21 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... May 2024The population structure and the correlation between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes and genotypes in Aeromonas species isolated from patients with...
BACKGROUND
The population structure and the correlation between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes and genotypes in Aeromonas species isolated from patients with gastroenteritis are not well understood. The aims of the study were to: (1) investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Aeromonas species isolated from patients with gastroenteritis; (2) explore the relationship between AMR genes and resistance phenotypes; and (3) describe the population structure of these isolates and provide evidence of transmission events among them.
METHODS
This microbiological survey was performed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Emek Medical Center in Afula, Israel. Cultivation of Aeromonas was attempted from stool samples that tested positive by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Sensititre GN3F microdilution panel. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was done using the Illumina NextSeq500/550 system. Phylogenetic studies involved multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome (cg) MLST. Resistance mechanisms were identified using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and compared with the AST results.
RESULTS
The study included 67 patient-unique isolates. The species that were identified included A. caviae (n = 58), A. dhakensis (n = 3), A. media (n = 2), A. veronii (n = 2) and A. hydrophila (n = 2). Isolates were almost uniformly susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. All isolates with the exception of 1-2 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin and ampicillin-sulbactam which was compatible with the presence of the bla genes. Variable resistance rates were observed to cefuroxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam that were not correlated with the presence of other β-lactamase genes. Resistance to tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole correlated with the presence of tetA and sul1, respectively. The population structure of A. caviae was highly diverse with the minority of the isolates (16/57) clustering into six defined sequence types. A cgMLST-based distance of four genes was found in one pair of isolates, suggesting common source transmission.
CONCLUSIONS
A. caviae is the dominant species related to gastroenteritis and is characterized by a diverse population structure, with almost no evidence for common-source transmission. Resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents were low and partially matched with the presence of resistance genes.
Topics: Humans; Gastroenteritis; Aeromonas; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genotype; Phylogeny; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Whole Genome Sequencing; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Child; Phenotype; Adult; Feces; Child, Preschool; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Israel; Aged; Infant; Adolescent; Young Adult; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 38783344
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00706-2 -
Microbial Genomics May 2024spp. are commonly found in the aquatic environment and have been responsible for motile septicemia (MAS) in striped catfish, resulting in significant economic loss....
spp. are commonly found in the aquatic environment and have been responsible for motile septicemia (MAS) in striped catfish, resulting in significant economic loss. These organisms also cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans with compromised immune systems. Here, we conducted a genomic investigation of 87 isolates derived from diseased catfish, healthy catfish and environmental water in catfish farms affected by MAS outbreaks in eight provinces in Mekong Delta (years: 2012-2022), together with 25 isolates from humans with bloodstream infections (years: 2010-2020). Genomics-based typing method precisely delineated species while traditional methods such as PCR and MALDI-TOF were unable identify was found to be more prevalent than in both diseased catfish and human infections. sequence type (ST) 656 followed by ST251 were the predominant virulent species-lineages in diseased catfish (43.7 and 20.7 %, respectively), while diverse STs were found in humans with bloodstream infections. There was evidence of widespread transmission of ST656 and ST251 on striped catfish in the Mekong Delta region. ST656 and ST251 isolates carried a significantly higher number of acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors in comparison to other STs. They, however, exhibited several distinctions in key virulence factors (i.e. lack of type IV pili and enterotoxin in ), AMR genes (i.e. presence of carbapenemase in ), and accessory gene content. To uncover potential conserved proteins of spp. for vaccine development, pangenome analysis has unveiled 2202 core genes between ST656 and ST251, of which 78 proteins were in either outer membrane or extracellular proteins. Our study represents one of the first genomic investigations of the species distribution, genetic landscape, and epidemiology of in diseased catfish and human infections in Vietnam. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant and virulent strains underscores the needs of enhanced genomic surveillance and strengthening vaccine research and development in preventing diseases in catfish and humans, and the search for potential vaccine candidates could focus on core genes encoded for membrane and secreted proteins.
Topics: Animals; Catfishes; Vietnam; Aeromonas; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Sepsis; Fish Diseases; Phylogeny; Genomics; Genome, Bacterial; Virulence Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38739115
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001248 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Aug 2023Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing public health concerns; therefore, it is imperative to advance our understanding of the factors influencing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing public health concerns; therefore, it is imperative to advance our understanding of the factors influencing AMR from Global and One Health perspectives. To address this, Aeromonas populations were identified using 16S rRNA gene libraries among human, agriculture, aquaculture, drinking water, surface water, and wastewater samples, supporting its use as indicator bacteria to study AMR. A systematic review and meta-analysis was then performed from Global and One Health perspectives, including data from 221 articles describing 15 891 isolates from 57 countries. The interconnectedness of different environments was evident as minimal differences were identified between sectors among 21 different antimicrobials. However, resistance to critically important antibiotics (aztreonam and cefepime) was significantly higher among wastewater populations compared with clinical isolates. Additionally, isolates from untreated wastewater typically exhibited increased AMR compared with those from treated wastewater. Furthermore, aquaculture was associated with increased AMR to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline compared with wild-caught seafood. Using the World Health Organization AWaRe classifications, countries with lower consumption of "Access" compared to "Watch" drugs from 2000 to 2015 demonstrated higher AMR levels. The current analysis revealed negative correlations between AMR and anthropogenic factors, such as environmental performance indices and socioeconomic standing. Environmental health and sanitation were two of the environmental factors most strongly correlated with AMR. The current analysis highlights the negative impacts of "Watch" drug overconsumption, anthropogenic activity, absence of wastewater infrastructure, and aquaculture on AMR, thus stressing the need for proper infrastructure and global regulations to combat this growing problem.
Topics: Humans; Aeromonas; Wastewater; Global Health; One Health; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 37201798
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106848 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Sep 2022The genus Aeromonas is found worldwide in freshwater and marine environments and has been implicated in the etiology of human and animal diseases. In fish, among...
The genus Aeromonas is found worldwide in freshwater and marine environments and has been implicated in the etiology of human and animal diseases. In fish, among Aeromonas species, A. salmonicida causes massive mortality and great economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture species. Currently, several aspects of the clinical signs and pathogenesis of this Gram-negative bacterium have been described; however, determination of an appropriate reference gene is essential to normalize cellular mRNA data remain unknown. Here we evaluate the stability of seven candidate reference genes to be used for data normalization during ex vivo and in vivo experiments conducted in Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, and lumpfish. To assess this, raw Ct values obtained were evaluated by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct comparison, and the comprehensive ranking, through the bioinformatic open-access portal RefFinder. We determined that fabD and era were most suitable reference genes in Atlantic cod primary macrophages, hfq and era in Atlantic salmon primary macrophages, rpoB and fabD in lumpfish head kidney samples, and hfq and era in lumpfish spleen. Our study demonstrates that use of multiple reference genes and its validation before measurements helps to minimize variability arising in qPCR studies that evaluate A. salmonicida gene expression in fish tissues. Overall, this study provided with an expanded list of reliable reference genes for A. salmonicida gene expression using qPCR during fish infection studies.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Salmo salar
PubMed: 35753622
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105320 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2022To analyze the clinical features, risk factors and outcomes of Aeromonas bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with hematological diseases to establish an effective...
BACKGROUND
To analyze the clinical features, risk factors and outcomes of Aeromonas bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with hematological diseases to establish an effective optimal therapy against it.
METHODS
A retrospective study was performed by reviewing medical records of patients admitted to a tertiary blood disease hospital in China. Patients with hematological diseases who suffered from Aeromonas bacteremia during January 2002 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study.
RESULTS
A total of 63 patients who developed Aeromonas bacteremia were enrolled in the study, and 91.9% of patients were neutropenic at the onset of BSIs. The major complications were skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) (22.2%), followed by gastroenteritis (19.0%) and pneumonia (14.3%). High carbapenem resistance rates (70.8% for imipenem, 71.4% for meropenem) were note among the cases. Furthermore, Aeromonas strains isolated from five individuals developed resistance to quinolone, β-lactams and tigecycline during the therapy. The 30-day mortality rate was 15.9%, while bacteremia with SSTI showed a much worse prognosis, with 50.0% (7/14) of the patients dying within 30 days of initiating the therapy. In the multivariate analysis, SSTI (OR = 28.72; 95% CI, 1.50-551.30; P = 0.026) and shock (OR = 47.58; 95% CI,1.06-2126.80; P = 0.046) were independent risk factors for mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
Aeromonas bacteremia usually occurred in patients with neutropenic status, and patients with SSTIs were more likely to show a worse prognosis. Carbapenems should be avoided in patients with Aeromonas BSIs and SSTIs given high resistance rate.
Topics: Aeromonas; Bacteremia; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35351036
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07277-7 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2019The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial...
The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial characteristics with those of clinical isolates. Among the 128 fish isolates and 47 clinical isolates, , , and were the principal species. isolates carried at least 5 virulence genes, more than other species. The predominant genotype of virulence genes was in both and isolates, in isolates, and in isolates. , , and isolates more often exhibited hemolytic and proteolytic activity and showed greater virulence than isolates in and the C2C12 cell line. However, the link between the genotypes and phenotypes of the studied virulence genes in species was not evident. Among the four major clinical species, nearly all (99.0%) , , and isolates harbored , which encodes a carbapenemase, but only a minority (6.7%, 7/104) were nonsusceptible to carbapenem. Regarding AmpC β-lactamase genes, was exclusively found in isolates, and was found only in isolates, but only 7.6% ( = 6) of the 79 isolates carrying or exhibited a cefotaxime resistance phenotype. In conclusion, fish isolates carry a variety of combinations of virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes and exhibit virulence phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles similar to those of clinical isolates. species can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals upon exposure to virulent pathogens in the environment, but the characteristics of environmental species remain unclear. Our study showed that several pathogenic species possessing virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance similar to those of isolates causing clinical diseases were present in fish intended for human consumption in Tainan City, Taiwan.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Caenorhabditis elegans; Cell Line; Female; Fishes; Genotype; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Prevalence; Seafood; Taiwan; Virulence; Virulence Factors; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 31420346
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01360-19 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Oct 2020The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of fish and shellfish have caused serious concerns in the aquaculture industry, owing to the... (Review)
Review
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of fish and shellfish have caused serious concerns in the aquaculture industry, owing to the potential health risks to humans and animals. Among these bacteria, , which is one of the most important primary pathogens in salmonids, is responsible for significant economic losses in the global aquaculture industry, especially in salmonid farming because of its severe infectivity and acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, interest in the use of alternative approaches to prevent and control infections has increased in recent years, and several applications of bacteriophages (phages) have provided promising results. For several decades, and phages infecting this fish pathogen have been thoroughly investigated in various research areas including aquaculture. The general overview of phage usage to control bacterial diseases in aquaculture, including the general advantages of this strategy, has been clearly described in previous reviews. Therefore, this review specifically focuses on providing insights into the phages infecting , from basic research to biotechnological application in aquaculture, as well as recent advances in the study of .
Topics: Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; Aquaculture; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophages; Fish Diseases; Fishes
PubMed: 32807762
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05040 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Aug 2016Aeromonas and Vibrio are important water-borne pathogens causing substantial morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients in Taiwan, but the differences in clinical...
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Aeromonas and Vibrio are important water-borne pathogens causing substantial morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients in Taiwan, but the differences in clinical manifestations of Aeromonas and Vibrio bacteremia have not been reported in detail.
METHODS
From January 2003 to September 2013, cirrhotic patients with monomicrobial Aeromonas or Vibrio bacteremia at a medical center in Taiwan were included in this study.
RESULTS
The study population consisted of 77 cirrhotic patients with Aeromonas bacteremia and 48 patients with Vibrio bacteremia. Both pathogens clustered during the summer season; Vibrio bacteremia was more correlated with higher temperatures (Vibrio: r(2) = 0.95, p < 0.0001; Aeromonas: r(2) = 0.74, p = 0.006) and was associated with ingestion of undercooked seafood (p = 0.03) or cutaneous exposure (p < 0.001). Vibrio bacteremia mainly occurred in mildly or moderately decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A and B: 45.8% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.003), and caused more soft-tissue infections (31.3% vs. 5.2%; p < 0.001) and renal dysfunction (1.6 ± 1.2 mg/dL vs. 1.3 ± 0.8 mg/dL, p = 0.006). Sepsis-related mortality was similar in the cases of Vibrio and Aeromonas bacteremia (14.6% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.96), but those with Vibrio bacteremia underwent a fulminant course, as evidenced by a shorter time from bacteremia onset to death (3.1 days vs. 8.2 days, p = 0.04).
CONCLUSION
In cirrhotic patients, bacteremia caused by Aeromonas and Vibrio species clustered in summer months and caused similar mortality, but Vibrio bacteremia led to a more severe and fulminant sepsis.
Topics: Adult; Aeromonas; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Female; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Seasons; Soft Tissue Infections; Taiwan; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 25070280
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.006