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International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021The increase in the use of antimicrobials such as colistin for the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the appearance of strains resistant to this drug.... (Review)
Review
The increase in the use of antimicrobials such as colistin for the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the appearance of strains resistant to this drug. However, resistance to colistin not only occurs in the clinical area but has also been determined in isolates from the environment or animals, which has been determined by the detection of genes that confer a resistance mechanism to colistin. The variants , , and have been detected in the genus in animal, environmental, and human fluids samples. In this article, an overview of the resistance to colistin in is shown, as well as the generalities of this molecule and the recommended methods to determine colistin resistance to be used in some of the genus .
Topics: Aeromonas; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Plasmids
PubMed: 34205867
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115974 -
Microbial Pathogenesis May 2019The genus Aeromonas comprises more than thirty Gram-negative bacterial species which mostly act as opportunistic microorganisms. These bacteria are distributed naturally... (Review)
Review
The genus Aeromonas comprises more than thirty Gram-negative bacterial species which mostly act as opportunistic microorganisms. These bacteria are distributed naturally in diverse aquatic ecosystems, where they are easily isolated from animals such as fish and crustaceans. A capacity for adaptation also makes Aeromonas able to colonize terrestrial environments and their inhabitants, so these microorganisms can be identified from different sources, such as soils, plants, fruits, vegetables, birds, reptiles, amphibians, among others. Infectious processes usually develop in immunocompromised humans; in fish and other marine animals this process occurs under conditions of stress. Such events are most often associated with incorrect practices in aquaculture. Aeromonas has element diverse ranges, denominated virulence factors, which promote adhesion, colonization and invasion into host cells. These virulence factors, such as membrane components, enzymes and toxins, for example, are differentially expressed among species, making some strains more virulent than others. Due to their diversity, no single virulence factor was considered determinant in the infectious process generated by these microorganisms. Unlike other genera, Aeromonas species are erroneously differentiated by conventional biochemical tests. Therefore, molecular assays are necessary for this purpose. Nevertheless, new means of identification have been considered in order to generate methods that, like molecular tests, can correctly identify these microorganisms. The main objectives of this review are to explain environmental and structural characteristics of the Aeromonas genus and to discuss virulence mechanisms that these bacteria use to infect aquatic organisms and humans, which are important aspects for aquaculture and public health, respectively. In addition, this review aims to clarify new tests for the precise identification of the species of Aeromonas, contributing to the exact and specific diagnosis of infections by these microorganisms and consequently the treatment.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animal Diseases; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Environmental Microbiology; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Plant Diseases; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30849490
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.036 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2018Aeromonads have been isolated from varied environmental sources such as polluted and drinking water, as well as from tissues and body fluids of cold and warm-blooded... (Review)
Review
Aeromonads have been isolated from varied environmental sources such as polluted and drinking water, as well as from tissues and body fluids of cold and warm-blooded animals. A phenotypically and genotypically heterogenous bacteria, aeromonads can be successfully identified by ribotyping and/or by analysing gyrB gene sequence, apart from classical biochemical characterization. Aeromonads are known to cause scepticemia in aquatic organisms, gastroenteritis and extraintestinal diseases such as scepticemia, skin, eye, wound and respiratory tract infections in humans. Several virulence and antibiotic resistance genes have been identified and isolated from this group, which if present in their mobile genetic elements, may be horizontally transferred to other naive environmental bacteria posing threat to the society. The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has given rise to many resistant varieties of bacteria. Multidrug resistance genes, such as NDM1, have been identified in this group of bacteria which is of serious health concern. Therefore, it is important to understand how antibiotic resistance develops and spreads in order to undertake preventive measures. It is also necessary to search and map putative virulence genes of Aeromonas for fighting the diseases caused by them. This review encompasses current knowledge of bacteriological, environmental, clinical and virulence aspects of the Aeromonas group and related diseases in humans and other animals of human concern.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gastroenteritis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phylogeny; Sepsis; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 30015452
DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-020 -
Microbes and Infection Nov 1999Aeromonas species produce an array of virulence factors, and the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections is therefore complex and multifactorial. Aeromonas-associated... (Review)
Review
Aeromonas species produce an array of virulence factors, and the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections is therefore complex and multifactorial. Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis is especially a problem in young children. The potential involvement of enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections is discussed.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Enterotoxins; Gastroenteritis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Virulence
PubMed: 10572317
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)00202-6 -
Viruses Nov 2022is a zoonotic pathogen and an important fish pathogen. A new lytic phage, Ahy-yong1, against multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogen was isolated, identified, and...
is a zoonotic pathogen and an important fish pathogen. A new lytic phage, Ahy-yong1, against multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogen was isolated, identified, and tentatively used in therapy. Ahy-yong1 possesses a head of approximately 66 nm in diameter and a short tail of approximately 26 nm in length and 32 nm in width. Its complete dsDNA genome is 43,374 bp with a G + C content of 59.4%, containing 52 predicted opening reading frames (ORFs). Taxonomic analysis indicated Ahy-yong1 as a new species of the genus of the family of the class. Ahy-yong1 was active only against its indicator host strain among the 35 strains tested. It is stable at 30-40 °C and at pH 2-12. phage Ahy-yong1 revealed an effective biofilm removal capacity and an obvious protective effect in brocade carp ( Koi). The average cumulative mortality for the brocade carp in the blank groups intraperitoneally injected with PBS was 1.7% ± 2.4%;for the control groups treated with (10 CFU/fish) via intraperitoneal injection, it was 100.00%;and for the test group I, successively treated with (10 CFU/fish) and phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) via intraperitoneal injection witha time interval of 2 hours, it was only 43.4% ± 4.7%. Furthermore, the cumulative mortality of the test group II, successively treated with phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) and (10 CFU/fish), was only 20.0% ± 8.2%, and that of the test group III, simultaneously treated with phage Ahy-yong1 (10 PFU/fish) and (10 CFU/fish), was only 30.0% ± 8.2%. The results demonstrated that phage Ahy-yong1 was very effective in the therapies against A18, prophylaxis was more effective than rescue, and earlier treatment was better for the reduction of mortality. This study enriches knowledge about phages.
Topics: Animals; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aeromonas; Carps; Bacteriophages; Caudovirales
PubMed: 36423108
DOI: 10.3390/v14112498 -
MicrobiologyOpen Nov 2019Aeromonas is recognized as a human pathogen following ingestion of contaminated food and water. One major problem in Aeromonas identification is that certain species are...
Proteomic characterization and discrimination of Aeromonas species recovered from meat and water samples with a spotlight on the antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila.
Aeromonas is recognized as a human pathogen following ingestion of contaminated food and water. One major problem in Aeromonas identification is that certain species are phenotypically very similar. The antimicrobial resistance is another significant challenge worldwide. We therefore aimed to use mass spectrometry technology for identification and discrimination of Aeromonas species and to screen the antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). A total of 150 chicken meat and water samples were cultured, and then, the isolates were identified biochemically by the Vitek 2 Compact system. Proteomic identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed by a microchannel fluidics electrophoresis assay. Principal component analysis (PCA) and single-peak analysis created by MALDI were also used to discriminate the Aeromonas species. The antimicrobial resistance of the A. hydrophila isolates was determined by Vitek 2 AST cards. In total, 43 samples were positive for Aeromonas and comprised 22 A. hydrophila, 12 Aeromonas caviae (A. caviae), and 9 Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) isolates. Thirty-nine out of 43 (90.69%) Aeromonas isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 Compact system, whereas 100% of the Aeromonas isolates were correctly identified by MALDI-TOF MS with a score value ≥2.00. PCA successfully separated A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria isolates into two groups. Single-peak analysis revealed four discriminating peaks that separated A. hydrophila from A. caviae and A. sobria isolates. The resistance of A. hydrophila to antibiotics was 95.46% for ampicillin, 50% for cefotaxime, 45.45% for norfloxacin and pefloxacin, 36.36% for ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin, 31.81% for ofloxacin and 27.27% for nalidixic acid and tobramycin. In conclusion, chicken meat and water were tainted with Aeromonas spp., with a high occurrence of A. hydrophila. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful technique for characterizing aeromonads at the genus and species levels. Future studies should investigate the resistance of A. hydrophila to various antimicrobial agents.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aeromonas caviae; Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteome; Proteomics; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 30614207
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.782 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Apr 2008Although their role in gastroenteritis is controversial, Aeromonas species are recognized as etiological agents of a wide spectrum of diseases in man and animals. In... (Review)
Review
Although their role in gastroenteritis is controversial, Aeromonas species are recognized as etiological agents of a wide spectrum of diseases in man and animals. In developing countries, potentially pathogenic Aeromonas sp. are very common in drinking water and in different types of foods, particularly seafood. Several food-borne and water-borne outbreaks as well nosocomial outbreaks associated with aeromonads have been reported. Significant association of Aeromonas sp. with diarrhoea in children has been reported from several countries. These organisms are important causes of skin and soft-tissue infections and aspiration pneumonia following contact with water and after floods. High incidence of antimicrobial resistance, including to third-generation cephalosporins and the fluoroquinolones, is found among Aeromonas sp. isolated from clinical sources in some developing countries in Asia. Isolating and identifying Aeromonas sp. to genus level is simple and requires resources that are available in most microbiology laboratories for processing common enteric bacteria. The present review will cover the epidemiology, clinical syndromes, low-cost diagnostic methods, and antimicrobial resistance and treatment of Aeromonas infections in developing countries.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Developing Countries; Dysentery; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Incidence; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 19738331
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Food... Dec 2020Bagged, pre-cut and prewashed lettuce products are marketed as ready to eat. This concept poses a food safety concern, due to lack of efficient hurdles to eliminate...
Bagged, pre-cut and prewashed lettuce products are marketed as ready to eat. This concept poses a food safety concern, due to lack of efficient hurdles to eliminate possible microbial contaminants from the fresh produce and/or the processing itself. Aeromonas spp. are potential foodborne pathogens that are frequently isolated from lettuce. High counts of, e.g., A. hydrophila have been found in retail ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable salads. The aim of this study was to assess the general microbiological quality, the occurrence and diversity of potential human pathogenic mesophilic Aeromonas spp. of retail RTE lettuce products. Additionally, temperature-dependent growth kinetic parameters of Aerobic Plate Counts (APC) and Aeromonas spp. in one selected RTE lettuce product, rocket lettuce, were quantified by performing storage experiments at 4 °C, 8 °C and 12 °C. The Aeromonas isolates were further characterized regarding pathogenic traits and phylogenetic relationship. The overall hygienic quality of the lettuce products was unsatisfactory, as 60% of the products had an APC level higher than 7.0 log CFU/g. Presumptive Aeromonas spp. were detected in 52% of the samples, levels ranging from approximately 2.0-6.0 log CFU/g. Significantly lower counts of APC and Aeromonas spp. were found in uncut and unwashed products. Presumptive Aeromonas spp. were able to proliferate in rocket lettuce stored at 4 °C (μ = 0.39 ± 0.06/d and μ = 0.43 ± 0.05/d for lettuce from producers A and B, respectively), and μ was approximately 2× higher at 8 °C and 3× higher at 12 °C. Eighty-four percent of the collected isolates were identified as A. media, based on partial gyrB sequencing. Additionally A. salmonicida and A. bestiarum were detected. The pathogenic potential in this material was high, most of the isolates harbored at least one of the toxin genes, act, ast, alt.
Topics: Aeromonas; Colony Count, Microbial; Fast Foods; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Food Storage; Lactuca; Norway; Phylogeny; Temperature; Vegetables; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32932210
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108852 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2019The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial...
The present study aimed to isolate from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial characteristics with those of clinical isolates. Among the 128 fish isolates and 47 clinical isolates, , , and were the principal species. isolates carried at least 5 virulence genes, more than other species. The predominant genotype of virulence genes was in both and isolates, in isolates, and in isolates. , , and isolates more often exhibited hemolytic and proteolytic activity and showed greater virulence than isolates in and the C2C12 cell line. However, the link between the genotypes and phenotypes of the studied virulence genes in species was not evident. Among the four major clinical species, nearly all (99.0%) , , and isolates harbored , which encodes a carbapenemase, but only a minority (6.7%, 7/104) were nonsusceptible to carbapenem. Regarding AmpC β-lactamase genes, was exclusively found in isolates, and was found only in isolates, but only 7.6% ( = 6) of the 79 isolates carrying or exhibited a cefotaxime resistance phenotype. In conclusion, fish isolates carry a variety of combinations of virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes and exhibit virulence phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles similar to those of clinical isolates. species can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals upon exposure to virulent pathogens in the environment, but the characteristics of environmental species remain unclear. Our study showed that several pathogenic species possessing virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance similar to those of isolates causing clinical diseases were present in fish intended for human consumption in Tainan City, Taiwan.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Caenorhabditis elegans; Cell Line; Female; Fishes; Genotype; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Prevalence; Seafood; Taiwan; Virulence; Virulence Factors; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 31420346
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01360-19 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Dec 2012Aeromonas species, aquatic Gram-negative bacilli, distributed globally and ubiquitously in the natural environment, may be implicated in a variety of human diseases.... (Review)
Review
Aeromonas species, aquatic Gram-negative bacilli, distributed globally and ubiquitously in the natural environment, may be implicated in a variety of human diseases. They can produce various β-lactamases which confer resistance to a broad spectrum of β-lactams, and therefore in vitro susceptibility testing must be used to guide antimicrobial therapy. However, conventional in vitro susceptibility tests may sometimes fail to detect these β-lactamases, and hence raise a therapeutic challenge. In this review article, two chromosomally mediated β-lactamases (i.e., AmpC β-lactamases and metallo-β-lactamases) and acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamases in aeromonads are reviewed, and the clinical implications of the complexity of β-lactamases are discussed.
Topics: Aeromonas; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Species Specificity; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 23031536
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.08.008