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Microorganisms Jul 2019subsp. is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely...
subsp. is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely heavily on antibiotherapy. However, strains of this opportunistic fish pathogen were found to possess genes that confer resistance to major antibiotics including those used to cure furunculosis. Therefore, dispensing bacterial symbionts as probiotics to susceptible hosts appears to be a promising alternative. Here, we present the genomic characterization and in vivo safety assessment of two brook charr () bacterial symbionts that inhibited subsp. growth in vitro ( ML11A and TM18) as well as a commercialized probiotic, MA18/5M (Bactocell). The genomic sequences of ML11A and TM18 obtained by whole-genome shotgun sequencing lack key virulence factor genes found in related pathogenic strains. Their genomic sequences are also devoid of genes involved in the inactivation (or target modification of) several key antimicrobial compounds used in salmonid aquaculture. Finally, when administered daily to live brook charr fingerlings, ML11A, TM18 and Bactocell helped improve several physiological condition metrics such as mean body weight, Fulton's condition factor and blood plasma lysozyme activity (an indicator for innate immune activity).
PubMed: 31284626
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070193 -
Skin Appendage Disorders Aug 2021Fish pedicures and/or fish manicures are treatments performed in spas involving the use of the living fish . In the last decade, the use of for cosmetic and therapeutic...
Fish pedicures and/or fish manicures are treatments performed in spas involving the use of the living fish . In the last decade, the use of for cosmetic and therapeutic reasons has become increasingly popular. The patients are placed into a bath to control psoriasis, eczema, or other skin conditions, but there is no scientific proof of their effectiveness. Most of the infections described in association with fish spas result from minor skin injury and contact with fish carrying such bacteria as , and Therefore, fish spas in general should not be recommended, particularly for diabetic patients, immunocompromised patients, or patients treated with biological agents.
PubMed: 34604330
DOI: 10.1159/000514853 -
BMC Microbiology Nov 2019In light of rampant childhood diarrhoea, this study investigated bacterial pathogens from human and non-human sources in an urban informal settlement. Meat from informal...
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens in human and non-human sources in an urban informal settlement in Cape Town, South Africa.
BACKGROUND
In light of rampant childhood diarrhoea, this study investigated bacterial pathogens from human and non-human sources in an urban informal settlement. Meat from informal abattoirs (n = 85), river water (n = 64), and diarrheic stool (n = 66) were collected between September 2015 and May 2016. A duplex real-time PCR, gel-based PCR, and CHROMagar™STEC were used to screen Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for diarrheic E. coli. Standard methods were used to screen for other selected food and waterborne bacterial pathogens.
RESULTS
Pathogens isolated from stool, meat, and surface water included Salmonella enterica (6, 5, 0%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (9, 0, 17%), Aeromonas sobria (3, 3, 0%), Campylobacter jejuni (5, 5, 0%), Shigella flexneri (17, 5, 0%), Vibrio vulnificus (0, 0, 9%), and diarrheic E. coli (21, 3, 7%) respectively. All the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
CONCLUSIONS
There was a high burden of drug resistant diarrheal pathogens in the stool, surface water and meat from informal slaughter. Integrated control measures are needed to ensure food safety and to prevent the spread of drug resistant pathogens in similar settings.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Feces; Female; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant; Male; Meat; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Rivers; South Africa; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Urban Renewal
PubMed: 31694551
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1620-6 -
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2015A disease outbreak occurred in June 2012 among mud loach cultured on pond farms in Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. Mortality rates reached up to 1.2% in the farm per...
A disease outbreak occurred in June 2012 among mud loach cultured on pond farms in Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. Mortality rates reached up to 1.2% in the farm per day. Typical clinical signs were bleeding ulcer at the middle portion of head and haemorrhagic erosion of the operculum. Based on biochemical characteristics, the causative bacterium isolated from diseased fish was identified as Aeromonas sobria. The isolate expressed two haemolytic genes, aerolysin (sob) and haemolysin (asa1) genes. Histopathologically, liver showed hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and congestion in sinusoids. The spleen exhibited necrotized splenocytes and haemorrhagic pulps. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, renal tubular necrosis and haemorrhage were observed. Experimental infection (infectious dose of 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) cfu fish(-1)) of healthy mud loach with the isolate resulted in the development of clinical signs similar to those seen in the farm. By injection with an infectious dose of 10(6) cfu fish(-1), the mortality rate was 10.3% within 7 days post infection. A mortality rate of 60.9% was reached within 2 days when an infectious dose of 10(7) cfu fish(-1) was used. Otherwise, all fish died within 1 day when injected with 10(8) cfu fish(-1). The results demonstrated that A. sobria is involved in the morbidity and mortality of the farmed mud loach.
PubMed: 27175175
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019Probiotic-feeding continues to be a promising strategy to control the bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. A new strain (SL001) was isolated from 1000s of soil samples,...
Probiotic-feeding continues to be a promising strategy to control the bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. A new strain (SL001) was isolated from 1000s of soil samples, which exhibited wide antimicrobial spectrum of against fish pathogens, involving , , , , , and . The challenge test against showed that the survival rate of SL001-supplemented group was significantly higher than that of control group ( < 0.05). Moreover, SL001 could stably colonize in gut of grass carp and increased mucus-secreting goblet cells and extended intestinal villi could be observed in SL001-supplemented group ( < 0.05). Feeding with SL001 supplemented diet could significantly enhance the growth rate ( < 0.05) and markedly affect gut microbiota structure of grass carps, resulting in reduced potential pathogens and increased potential probiotics. Furthermore, feeding grass carps with SL001 caused the up-regulated expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and down-regulated expression of myostatin (MSTN-1 and MSTN-2) ( < 0.05), which probably also account for the increased growth rate of SL001-fed group. Meanwhile, relative mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes in liver, spleen, and head kidney were analyzed in grass carps after feeding for 30 days with SL001 supplemented diets. In all three immune organs, the expression levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement 3 (C3) were significantly increased ( < 0.05), whereas the interleukin-8 (IL-8) was down-regulated ( < 0.05). Besides, whole genome sequencing revealed several probiotics properties of SL001, including organic acid synthesis, bacteriocin synthesis (coagulin), superoxide dismutase, and digestive enzymes. In conclusion, SL001 which could enhance immunity and promoter growth rate of grass carps, is prospective to be used as a dietary probiotic in freshwater fish aquaculture.
PubMed: 31316478
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01384 -
Access Microbiology 2021is an intestinal nematode that is endemic in tropical countries. It can have a variable presentation ranging from asymptomatic eosinophilia in immunocompetent hosts to...
INTRODUCTION
is an intestinal nematode that is endemic in tropical countries. It can have a variable presentation ranging from asymptomatic eosinophilia in immunocompetent hosts to disseminated disease with sepsis in immunocompromised hosts.
CASE REPORT
We report a case of chronic diarrhoea and decreased appetite in a 53-year-old man. He was a chronic alcoholic with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia and had earlier been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. He was treated symptomatically for loose stools at a primary health care facility without relief. Following referral to our tertiary care centre, microscopic examination of the stool showed numerous larvae and a few eggs of . Additionally, was isolated from stool culture. The patient was discharged following improvement with a combination therapy of ivermectin, albendazole and ciprofloxacin. However, within 3 days, he was readmitted and succumbed to sepsis.
CONCLUSION
Strongyloidiasis can be diagnosed easily using a very simple but often neglected investigation, namely stool microscopy. This provides an early diagnosis, based on which prompt treatment with the appropriate antihelminthics can be started, thereby reducing the probability of disseminated infection. Disseminated strongyloidiasis is a medical emergency with a poor prognosis, especially in an immunocompromised state. Such patients should be treated aggressively with antihelminthics. They must be monitored for sufficient duration in the hospital for early signs of complication. Their discharge from hospital should be planned based on a negative stool microscopy report in addition to clinical improvement, so as to decrease the mortality reported for both untreated and treated individuals.
PubMed: 34595397
DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000246 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2015Mannose receptor (MR) is a member of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which plays a significant role in immunity responses. Much work on MR has been done in mammals...
Mannose receptor (MR) is a member of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which plays a significant role in immunity responses. Much work on MR has been done in mammals and birds while little in fish. In this report, a MR gene (designated as zfMR) was cloned from zebra fish (Danio rerio), which is an attractive model for the studies of animal diseases. The full-length cDNA of zfMR contains 6248 bp encoding a putative protein of 1428 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequences showed that zfMR contained a cysteine-rich domain, a single fibronectin type II (FN II) domain, eight C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs), a transmembrane domain and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, sharing highly conserved structures with MRs from the other species. The MR mRNA could be detected in all examined tissues with highest level in kidney. The temporal expression patterns of MR, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs were analyzed in the liver, spleen, kidney and intestine post of infection with Aeromonas sobria. By immunohistochemistry assay, slight enhancement of MR protein was also observed in the spleen and intestine of the infected zebra fish. The established zebra fish-A. sobria infection model will be valuable for elucidating the role of MR in fish immune responses to infection.
Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1beta; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Lectins, C-Type; Liver; Mannose Receptor; Mannose-Binding Lectins; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Messenger; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Cell Surface; Sequence Alignment; Spleen; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Zebrafish
PubMed: 25988382
DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510997 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Aug 2020The Gram-negative bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that affects humans and animals, including fish. Here, we report the draft genome of strain CHT-30, which was...
The Gram-negative bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that affects humans and animals, including fish. Here, we report the draft genome of strain CHT-30, which was isolated from a diseased rainbow trout in Peru. The genome size is 4.91 Mb, with a G+C content of 57.7%, and the genome includes 4,820 coding sequences.
PubMed: 32817145
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00110-20 -
Medicine Mar 2021Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing bacterial soft tissue infection with a high mortality rate. It is characterized by significant soft tissue...
RATIONALE
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing bacterial soft tissue infection with a high mortality rate. It is characterized by significant soft tissue destruction with associated sepsis. The mainstay of treatment is coverage with appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and emergent surgical debridement.
PATIENT CONCERNS
A previously healthy 66-year-old female presented with a deep laceration to her right, posterior calf with subsequent contamination with lake water. After the wound was irrigated and closed, the patient developed NF.
DIAGNOSIS
Laceration of the right lower extremity complicated by NF secondary to Aeromonas sobria.
INTERVENTIONS
The patient underwent emergent surgical debridements with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and negative pressure wound therapy. The lower extremity was reconstructed with split-thickness skin grafts.
OUTCOMES
The patient's initial penetrating trauma was closed in the emergency room, and the patient was discharged home with antibiotics. She returned the next day with unstable vitals and was admitted to the intensive care unit. Her condition continued to deteriorate, and she underwent serial surgical debridements. Her condition improved and was discharged home after 13 days in the hospital.
LESSONS LEARNED
Close monitoring for NF is important for tissue infections sustained in aquatic environments. Timely identification and surgical management of NF increases overall survival.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Debridement; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Lakes; Leg; Skin Transplantation; Treatment Outcome; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 33725868
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024981 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Apr 2015Subtilisin-like proteases are broadly expressed in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. During maturation of these enzymes, N-terminal propeptides function as...
Subtilisin-like proteases are broadly expressed in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. During maturation of these enzymes, N-terminal propeptides function as intramolecular chaperones, assisting the folding of their catalytic domains. However, we have identified an exceptional case, the serine protease from Aeromonas sobria (ASP), that lacks a propeptide. Instead, ORF2, a protein encoded just downstream of asp, appears essential for proper ASP folding. The mechanism by which ORF2 functions remains an open question, because it shares no sequence homology with any known intramolecular propeptide or other protein. Here we report the crystal structure of the ORF2-ASP complex and the solution structure of free ORF2. ORF2 consists of three regions: an N-terminal extension, a central body, and a C-terminal tail. Together, the structure of the central body and the C-terminal tail is similar to that of the intramolecular propeptide. The N-terminal extension, which is not seen in other subtilisin-like enzymes, is intrinsically disordered but forms some degree of secondary structure upon binding ASP. We also show that C-terminal (ΔC1 and ΔC5) or N-terminal (ΔN43 and ΔN64) deletion eliminates the ability of ORF2 to function as a chaperone. Characterization of the maturation of ASP with ORF2 showed that folding occurs in the periplasmic space and is followed by translocation into extracellular space and dissociation from ORF2, generating active ASP. Finally, a PSI-BLAST search revealed that operons encoding subtilases and their external chaperones are widely distributed among Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting that ASP and its homologs form a novel family of subtilases having an external chaperone.
Topics: Aeromonas; Bacterial Proteins; Molecular Chaperones; Mutation; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Serine Proteases; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 25784551
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.622852