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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied... (Review)
Review
The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied parasite, not only for its parasitism, but also for its role as an inducer of allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that the pathological changes occurring within the gastrointestinal tract during infection with are the combined result of the direct action of the larvae invading the tissue and the complex interaction between the host's immune system and the parasite. Although the most commonly described pathologies are digestive, urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis, occupational asthma and arthritis have been seldom described. This paper is a narrative of the immune-mediated reaction induced by this parasite over the course of the last two decades.
PubMed: 35335650
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030326 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Feb 2015Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and... (Review)
Review
Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. A number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. In this review, we described the serine proteases that have been identified in parasitic helminths, including nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, Trichuris muris, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum, Onchocerca volvulus, O. lienalis, Brugia malayi, Ancylostoma caninum, and Steinernema carpocapsae), cestodes (Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistocephalus solidus), and trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and Schistosoma mansoni). Moreover, the possible biological functions of these serine proteases in the endogenous biological phenomena of these parasites and in the host-parasite interaction were also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cestoda; Host-Parasite Interactions; Life Cycle Stages; Nematoda; Serine Proteases; Trematoda
PubMed: 25748703
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.1 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment.... (Review)
Review
The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode . The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
PubMed: 37444203
DOI: 10.3390/foods12132465 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2019Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are... (Review)
Review
Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are marine mammals with a complex life cycle. These nematode parasites use different crustaceans and fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts and humans are accidental hosts. Human anisakiasis, the infections caused by members of the genus occurs when seafoods, particularly fish, contaminated with the infective stage (third stage larvae [L3]) of this parasite, are consumed. Pseudoterranovosis, on the other hand is induced by members of the genus These two genera of anisakids have been implicated in human disease globally. There is a rise in reports of gastro-intestinal infections accompanied by allergic reactions caused by and . This review provides an update on current knowledge on as a food-borne parasite with special focus on the increasingly reported diversity of fish and crustacean hosts, allergens and immunological cross-reactivity with invertebrate proteins rendering this parasite a significant public health issue.
PubMed: 31338296
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.007 -
Biomolecules Jul 2020third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause...
third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of spp., spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti- IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fish Products; Food Handling; Foodborne Diseases; Heat-Shock Response; Helminth Proteins; Hot Temperature; Humans; Larva; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 32708775
DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066 -
Dermatology Reports Mar 2024Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of...
Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of the family Anisakidae. The infestation is acquired by eating raw seafood or undercooked fish and squid. There are considerable variations in the frequency of underlying causes in the different studies and in different countries, such as differences in diets and the prevalence of infections. has been recognized as a trigger of both acute and CU manifestations. However, there is still a lack of evidence about its management and treatment in dermatology. We, therefore, reviewed some biologic properties of in order to understand the relationship between its biology and the mechanism it uses to establish chronic dermatological conditions such as urticaria and cause late complications. In addition, we herein report some concerns about the effectiveness of systemic treatment in preventing complications and management in dermatological settings.
PubMed: 38623363
DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9819 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2015Kounis syndrome is hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various types of environmental exposures, drugs, conditions and stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity,... (Review)
Review
Kounis syndrome is hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various types of environmental exposures, drugs, conditions and stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are associated with this syndrome. The disorder manifests as coronary spasms, acute myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis and affects the cerebral and mesenteric as well as coronary arteries. Importantly, its manifestations are broad and its etiology is continuously increasing. Recently, a variety of unusual etiologies have been reported including Anisakis simplex, scombroid syndrome, the use of Gelofusin or ultrasound contrast agents, kiwifruit, fly bites, and bee stings. Furthermore, losartan and the paradox of corticosteroid allergy have been implicated as possible causes. Although not rare, Kounis syndrome is infrequently diagnosed. Therefore, awareness of its etiology, manifestations and pathophysiology is important for providing the proper diagnosis and treatment and determining prognosis.
Topics: Actinidia; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anaphylaxis; Antihypertensive Agents; Contrast Media; Coronary Vasospasm; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Eluting Stents; Environmental Exposure; Histamine Antagonists; Histamine Release; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Insect Bites and Stings; Losartan; Prognosis; Syndrome
PubMed: 26134186
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3684 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases....
sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of L3 larvae. ES proteins of were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of L3 larvae.
PubMed: 35215189
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Jun 2017Parasites from the family Anisakidae are widely distributed in marine fish populations worldwide and mainly nematodes of the three genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and... (Review)
Review
Parasites from the family Anisakidae are widely distributed in marine fish populations worldwide and mainly nematodes of the three genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum have attracted attention due to their pathogenicity in humans. Their life cycles include invertebrates and fish as intermediate or transport hosts and mammals or birds as final hosts. Human consumption of raw or underprocessed seafood containing third stage larvae of anisakid parasites may elicit a gastrointestinal disease (anisakidosis) and allergic responses. Excretory and secretory (ES) compounds produced by the parasites are assumed to be key players in clinical manifestation of the disease in humans, but the molecules are likely to play a general biological role in invertebrates and lower vertebrates as well. ES products have several functions during infection, e.g. penetration of host tissues and evasion of host immune responses, but are at the same time known to elicit immune responses (including antibody production) both in fish and mammals. ES proteins from anisakid nematodes, in particular Anisakis simplex, are currently applied for diagnostic purposes but recent evidence suggests that they also may have a therapeutic potential in immune-related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Humans
PubMed: 28645306
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0310-3 -
Biology Feb 2021( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present...
BACKGROUND
( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present allergic manifestations such as hives and/or angioedema and even anaphylactic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aquacultured fish could be considered -free food and constitute a safe, alternative, wild-capture fish food for Gastro-Allergic Anisakiasis (GAA)-sensitized subjects.
METHODS
Protein extracts from larvae in the third stage (L3) and from edible part of heavily infected horse mackerel () and aquacultured sea bream, have been tested for allergens presence by immunological analysis. Western blot analysis using, as source of specific allergens antibodies, serum samples from subjects referring allergic symptoms after raw fish ingestion, was performed. These subjects showed high levels of specific IgE anti allergens determined by clinical laboratory tests (ISAC test).
RESULTS
Our data demonstrate the presence of Ani s4 allergen in both infected and aquacultured fish extracts, providing a possible interpretation for the allergic manifestations reported by subjects, already sensitized to , who ate frozen or well-cooked or, even, aquacultured fish.
CONCLUSIONS
The present data stimulate more accurate prophylaxis suggestions for allergy and more specific controls of fishmeal used in aquaculture.
PubMed: 33540832
DOI: 10.3390/biology10020106