-
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied... (Review)
Review
The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied parasite, not only for its parasitism, but also for its role as an inducer of allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that the pathological changes occurring within the gastrointestinal tract during infection with are the combined result of the direct action of the larvae invading the tissue and the complex interaction between the host's immune system and the parasite. Although the most commonly described pathologies are digestive, urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis, occupational asthma and arthritis have been seldom described. This paper is a narrative of the immune-mediated reaction induced by this parasite over the course of the last two decades.
PubMed: 35335650
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030326 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Feb 2015Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and... (Review)
Review
Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. A number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. In this review, we described the serine proteases that have been identified in parasitic helminths, including nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, Trichuris muris, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum, Onchocerca volvulus, O. lienalis, Brugia malayi, Ancylostoma caninum, and Steinernema carpocapsae), cestodes (Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistocephalus solidus), and trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and Schistosoma mansoni). Moreover, the possible biological functions of these serine proteases in the endogenous biological phenomena of these parasites and in the host-parasite interaction were also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cestoda; Host-Parasite Interactions; Life Cycle Stages; Nematoda; Serine Proteases; Trematoda
PubMed: 25748703
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.1 -
Biomolecules Jul 2020third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause...
third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of spp., spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti- IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fish Products; Food Handling; Foodborne Diseases; Heat-Shock Response; Helminth Proteins; Hot Temperature; Humans; Larva; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 32708775
DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment.... (Review)
Review
The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode . The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
PubMed: 37444203
DOI: 10.3390/foods12132465 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2019Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are... (Review)
Review
Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are marine mammals with a complex life cycle. These nematode parasites use different crustaceans and fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts and humans are accidental hosts. Human anisakiasis, the infections caused by members of the genus occurs when seafoods, particularly fish, contaminated with the infective stage (third stage larvae [L3]) of this parasite, are consumed. Pseudoterranovosis, on the other hand is induced by members of the genus These two genera of anisakids have been implicated in human disease globally. There is a rise in reports of gastro-intestinal infections accompanied by allergic reactions caused by and . This review provides an update on current knowledge on as a food-borne parasite with special focus on the increasingly reported diversity of fish and crustacean hosts, allergens and immunological cross-reactivity with invertebrate proteins rendering this parasite a significant public health issue.
PubMed: 31338296
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.007 -
Dermatology Reports Mar 2024Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of...
Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of the family Anisakidae. The infestation is acquired by eating raw seafood or undercooked fish and squid. There are considerable variations in the frequency of underlying causes in the different studies and in different countries, such as differences in diets and the prevalence of infections. has been recognized as a trigger of both acute and CU manifestations. However, there is still a lack of evidence about its management and treatment in dermatology. We, therefore, reviewed some biologic properties of in order to understand the relationship between its biology and the mechanism it uses to establish chronic dermatological conditions such as urticaria and cause late complications. In addition, we herein report some concerns about the effectiveness of systemic treatment in preventing complications and management in dermatological settings.
PubMed: 38623363
DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9819 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases....
sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of L3 larvae. ES proteins of were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of L3 larvae.
PubMed: 35215189
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible...
Tandem Mass Tagging (TMT) Reveals Tissue-Specific Proteome of L4 Larvae of s. s.: Enzymes of Energy and/or Carbohydrate Metabolism as Potential Drug Targets in Anisakiasis.
s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible for direct and indirect contact, respectively, of the parasite with the host. At the L4 larval stage, tissues, such as the cuticle and intestine, are fully developed and functional, in contrast to the L3 stage. As such, this work provides for the first time the tissue-specific proteome of s. s. larvae in the L4 stage. Statistical analysis (FC ≥ 2; -value ≤ 0.01) showed that 107 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) between the cuticle and the rest of the larval body. In the comparison between the intestine and the rest of the larval body at the L4 stage, 123 proteins were identified as DRPs. Comparison of the individual tissues examined revealed a total of 272 DRPs, with 133 proteins more abundant in the cuticle and 139 proteins more abundant in the intestine. Detailed functional analysis of the identified proteins was performed using bioinformatics tools. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the most enriched metabolic pathways by cuticular and intestinal proteins, respectively, in the L4 stage of s. s. The presence of two proteins, folliculin (FLCN) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), was confirmed by Western blot, and their tertiary structure was predicted and compared with other species. In addition, host-pathogen interactions were identified, and potential new allergens were predicted. The result of this manuscript shows the largest number of protein identifications to our knowledge using proteomics tools for different tissues of L4 larvae of s. s. The identified tissue-specific proteins could serve as targets for new drugs against anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Humans; Larva; Mammals; Proteome
PubMed: 35457153
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084336 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Fish consumers may develop allergic reactions following the ingestion of fish products containing nematode larvae within the genus . Sensitized patients may cross-react...
Fish consumers may develop allergic reactions following the ingestion of fish products containing nematode larvae within the genus . Sensitized patients may cross-react with proteins from insects, mites and mollusks, leading to allergic reactions even in the absence of the offending food. Potential cross-reactivity in -allergic patients with larval proteins from other zoonotic parasites present in freshwater and sea fish should be investigated due to an increasing occurrence in certain fish stocks, particularly . In this work, we evaluated IgE-cross reactions by in vivo (skin prick tests with parasites extracts) and in vitro methods (IgE-ELISA and IgE-immunoblot). In vivo skin prick tests (SPT) proved the reactivity of -sensitized patients when exposed to antigens. Sera from -sensitized patients confirmed the reaction with somatic antigens (SA) and excretory/secretory proteins (ES) from . Only anecdotal responses were obtained from other freshwater worm parasites. Consequently, it is suggested that -sensitized humans, especially patients with high levels of specific anti- antibodies, may react to proteins, possibly due to IgE-mediated cross-reactivity.
PubMed: 34451414
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080950 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2020Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and...
BACKGROUND
Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mitochondria; Occludin; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen Consumption; Protein Transport; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tissue Extracts; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
PubMed: 32628665
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462