-
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2023To establish the normative data of the head and face measurements needed to design an appropriate spectacle frame for the Indian population.
PURPOSE
To establish the normative data of the head and face measurements needed to design an appropriate spectacle frame for the Indian population.
METHODS
Indian subjects between 20 and 40 years were included in the study. Thirteen parameters were measured using the direct and indirect methods using ImageJ software. Photographs of subjects were captured in the primary gaze position, with the head turned toward the subject's right and left by 90° from the primary gaze.
RESULTS
The mean ± standard deviation of age was 27.6 ± 5.7; 55.38% were males. An independent t-test showed a significant difference in nose width (P = 0.001), inter-pupillary distance (P = 0.032), and body mass index (P = .012) between males and females. Inner inter-canthi distance (P = .265), outer inter-canthi distance (P = .509), and frontal angles (P = .536) showed no significant difference. There is a significant difference in face width compared with the other studies. The mean head width of males (154.168 ± 9.121) was wider than that of females (145.431 ± 8.923). This suggests a smaller distance between the temples of a spectacle frame for females.
CONCLUSION
Considering the above factors, there is a need for a customized spectacle frame design providing better optics, improved cosmesis, and comfort to the wearer.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Anthropometry; Asian People; Body Mass Index; Eyeglasses; Head; Face
PubMed: 36872723
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_954_22 -
Intergenerational change in anthropometry of children and adolescents in the New Delhi Birth Cohort.International Journal of Epidemiology Feb 2022A comparison of the anthropometry of children and adolescents with that of their parents at the same age may provide a more precise measure of intergenerational changes...
BACKGROUND
A comparison of the anthropometry of children and adolescents with that of their parents at the same age may provide a more precise measure of intergenerational changes in linear growth and body mass index (BMI).
METHODS
New Delhi Birth Cohort participants (F1), born between 1969 and 1972, were followed up for anthropometry at birth and at 6-monthly intervals until 21 years of age. At variable intervals 1447 children, aged 0-19 years (F2) and born to 818 F1 participants, were measured (weight and height), providing 2236 sets of anthropometries. Intergenerational changes (F2-F1) in height and BMI [absolute and standard deviation (SD) units] were computed by comparing children with their parents at corresponding ages.
RESULTS
F2 children were taller (P < 0.001) than their parents at corresponding ages; the increase {mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] World Health Organization SD units} was 0.97 (0.83, 1.11), 1.21 (1.10, 1.32), 1.09 (0.98, 1.19), 1.10 (1.00, 1.21) and 0.75 (0.65, 0.85) for age categories of 0-5, 5-7.5, 7.5-10, 10-12.5 and >12.5 years, respectively. In absolute terms, this increase ranged from 3.5 cm (0-5-year-olds) to 7.5 cm (10-12.5-year-olds). The corresponding increases in BMI SD scores were 0.32 (0.18, 0.47), 0.60 (0.45, 0.75), 1.13 (0.99, 1.27), 1.30 (1.15, 1.45) and 1.00 (0.85, 1.15), respectively. The absolute BMI increase ranged from 1-3 kg/m2 at >5 years age to ∼3 kg/m2 at >10-years of age. The intergenerational increases were comparable in both sexes, but were greater in children born and measured later. A positive change in socioeconomic status was associated with an increase in height across the generations.
CONCLUSIONS
Children and adolescents, throughout the ages 0-19 years, have become considerably taller and have a higher BMI than their parents at corresponding ages in an urban middle-class Indian population undergoing socioeconomic improvements.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Birth Cohort; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Young Adult
PubMed: 34279626
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab142 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2023The considerable amount of original and generic types of skinfold calipers available is a source of systematic measurement error. This study is a brief report that...
The considerable amount of original and generic types of skinfold calipers available is a source of systematic measurement error. This study is a brief report that critically examines the original and illustrated structural configuration of the three main types of skinfold calipers. For more than half a century, the Harpenden®, Lange® and Slim Guide® skinfolds calipers have been widely used in clinical and research settings. It is well established that the physical, mechanical and functional specificity of each type of skinfold caliper makes its interchangeable use impossible. Our report suggests that commercially available technical specifications are insufficient to judiciously choose a skinfold caliper. The area of the jaws, the coefficient of spring and the static and dynamic downward pressure of each type of skinfold caliper must be determined in the metrological laboratory and added to the technical user manual. Choosing a type of skinfold caliper for regular use, without conflict of commercial interest, requires a critical understanding of the physical, mechanical and functional characteristics that configure it. Therefore, a new downward static calibration test and the first eligibility flowchart for a skinfold caliper have been proposed. Finally, the information gathered in this report may be useful for manufacturers of anthropometric instruments and health professionals who use the skinfold technique as a tool for diagnosis and nutritional control.
Topics: Skinfold Thickness; Anthropometry; Seasons
PubMed: 37528836
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.58 -
Developmental Psychobiology May 2021Within Stress, Early Experiences, and Development (SEED) science, there is a growing body of research demonstrating complex associations not only between stress,... (Review)
Review
Within Stress, Early Experiences, and Development (SEED) science, there is a growing body of research demonstrating complex associations not only between stress, development, and psychopathology, but also with chronic disease risk factors. We argue that it is important for SEED researchers to consider including child anthropometric and physical health measures to more comprehensively capture processes of risk and resilience. Broader adoption of harmonized anthropometry and health measures in SEED research will facilitate collaborations, yielding larger datasets for research in high-risk populations, and greater opportunity to replicate existing findings. In this review, we identify optimal anthropometric and cardiometabolic health measurement methods used from infancy through adolescence, including those that are low-burden and inexpensive. Methods covered include: waist, hip, and head circumference, height, length, weight, pubertal development, body composition, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, carotid intima media thickness, and serum measures of cardiometabolic risk and inflammation. We provide resources for SEED researchers to integrate these methods into projects or to better understand these methods when reading the literature as well as where to find collaborators for more in-depth studies incorporating these measures. With broader integration of psychological and physical health measures in SEED research, we can better inform theory and interventions to promote health and resilience in individuals who have experienced early stress.
Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Child; Health Promotion; Humans; Obesity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32901949
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22032 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Jun 2022Three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems are increasingly being used in health care settings for quantifying body size and shape. The potential exists to provide similar...
OBJECTIVE
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems are increasingly being used in health care settings for quantifying body size and shape. The potential exists to provide similar phenotyping capabilities outside of professional settings using smartphone applications (apps). The current study aim was to compare waist, hip, upper arm, and midthigh circumference measurements acquired by a free downloadable app (MeThreeSixty; Size Stream, Cary, North Carolina) and a conventional 20-camera 3D system (SS20; Size Stream) with those measured with a flexible tape at the same anatomic sites.
METHODS
Fifty-nine adults were scanned with the app and SS20; the same software was used to generate circumference estimates from device-acquired object files that were then compared with reference tape measurements.
RESULTS
The app and SS20 had similar coefficients of variation that were minimally larger than those by the tape (e.g., waist, 0.93%, 0.87%, and 0.06%). Correlations of the app and of SS20 with tape circumferences were all strong (p < 0.001) and similar in magnitude (R s: 0.72-0.93 and 0.78-0.95, respectively); minimally significant (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) bias was present between both imaging approaches and some tape measurements.
CONCLUSION
These proof-of-concept observations combined with ubiquitous smartphone availability create the possibility of phenotyping adult body size and shape, with important clinical and research implications, on a global scale.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Size; Mobile Applications; Smartphone
PubMed: 35491718
DOI: 10.1002/oby.23434 -
Indian Pediatrics Dec 2023Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are prone to growth deficits in early life, which may be associated with later life metabolic abnormalities.
BACKGROUND
Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are prone to growth deficits in early life, which may be associated with later life metabolic abnormalities.
OBJECTIVES
To compare anthropometry and body composition using air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) in term SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates, and assess if sexual dimorphism existed in estimates of body composition.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional analytical study.
PARTICIPANTS
413 term neonates (91 SGA and 322 AGA) at birth (≤7days).
METHODS
Neonatal anthropometry and body composition were measured using ADP. Length corrected fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.
OUTCOME
Anthropometry and body composition estimates of SGA and AGA neonates, segregated by sex.
RESULTS
The mean (SD) birth weight of SGA and AGA neonates was 2.5 (0.2) kg and 3.1 (0.3) kg, respectively. SGA neonates had significantly lower % body fat (BF) (2.0%), fat mass (94.4 g), fat free mass (FFM) (349.7 g), FMI (0.34 kg/m2), and FFMI (0.76 kg/m2), but higher %FFM (2.0%) compared to AGA neonates (P<0.001). Males had significantly higher %FFM [91.2 (3.1) vs 90.2 (3.5); P=0.001], FFM [2604 (280) vs 2442 (233) g; P<0.001], and FFMI [11.1 (0.8) vs 10.8 (0.8) kg/m2; P=0.005], but lower % BF [8.8 (3.1) vs 9.8 (3.5); P=0.001] and FMI [1.1(0.4) vs 1.2 (0.5) kg/m2; P=0.008], compared to females.
CONCLUSIONS
Accurate estimates of body composition in neonates at birth suggest significantly lower body fat and fat free mass in SGA compared to AGA, with sexual dimorphism.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Male; Female; Humans; Gestational Age; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Composition; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Anthropometry; Birth Weight; Plethysmography
PubMed: 37700583
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Feb 2015In nutritional epidemiology it is essential to have reference values for nutrition and anthropometry in order to compare individual and population data. With respect to... (Review)
Review
In nutritional epidemiology it is essential to have reference values for nutrition and anthropometry in order to compare individual and population data. With respect to reference nutritional intake, the new concept of Dietary Reference Intakes is generated based more on the prevention of chronic diseases than on covering nutritional deficiencies, as would occur in the early Recommendations. As such, the more relevant international organizations incorporated new concepts in their tables, such as the Adequate Intake levels or the Tolerable Upper Intake levels. Currently, the EURRECA recommendations (EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned) are generating reference values for Europe in a transparent, systematic and scientific manner. Using the DRI, health-care authorities formulated nutritional objectives for countries or territories and Dietary Guides to disseminate the dietary advice to the population. Anthropometric assessment continues to be one of the most-used methods for evaluating and monitoring health status, nutritional state and growth in children, not only individuals but also communities. Different organizations have established anthropometric reference patterns of body mass index (BMI) with cut-off points to define overweight and obesity. In children, growth curves have been revised and adapted to the characteristics of healthy children in order to obtain anthropometric reference standards that better reflect optimum growth in children. The Growth Standards for children below 5 years of age of the WHO are a response to these principles, and are widely accepted and used worldwide.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Eating; Growth; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Population; Reference Values
PubMed: 25719783
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup3.8763 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2021This study aimed to compare different methods to assess body fat (BF). We hypothesized that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or anthropometry may be used to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study aimed to compare different methods to assess body fat (BF). We hypothesized that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or anthropometry may be used to estimate BF in prefrail older women, equivalently to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The cross-sectional study included 72 prefrail community-dwelling older women (71.13 ± 4.65 years old; body mass index [BMI] 28.89 ± 4.23 kg/m). The BF percentage (%BF) was estimated using anthropometry with the Durnin & Womersley (D&W) and Petroski's predictive equations, BIA with 2 Baumgartner predictive equations (BIA 1 and BIA 2), and DXA. All methods differed significantly from DXA according to assessments using repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons. The mean %BF varied between 39.99 ± 3.42% (D&W) and 43.93 ± 5.06% (DXA). Multiple regression analysis with age and BMI as covariates showed positive correlations (R = 0.91) in models with D&W equation and BMI, and with BIA 2 and BMI; however, BMI explained more of the model (71%) than the equations. Furthermore, Bland-Altman test revealed a proportional bias for D&W and for BIA 2, with underestimation of BF varying across different %BF values. Petroski's skinfold equation showed a positive correlation on linear regression (R = 0.74) and no proportional bias; however, Bland-Altman analysis revealed high limits of agreement (-13.6 to -0.05), thus compromising clinical application. To conclude, compared with DXA, all the equations tested showed a high disagreement and wide limits of agreement, restricting their use in clinical practice to estimate the BF in prefrail older women.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipose Tissue; Aged; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electric Impedance; Female; Frailty; Humans; Independent Living; Skinfold Thickness
PubMed: 33444993
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.002 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022As the availability of various bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) tools is increasing, the patient's position during the test may be of significant importance for the... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
As the availability of various bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) tools is increasing, the patient's position during the test may be of significant importance for the comparability of the results. An observational pilot study was undertaken between March and May 2021 at the Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences at the University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland. All participants ( = 49: M: 21.05 y ± 1.12 vs. F: 21.34 y ± 2.06) were subjected to measurements of selected nutritional status indicators and body components in three positions: lying, sitting and standing. The body composition indicators were obtained using a bioelectrical impedance device, AKERN BIA 101 Anniversary Sport Edition Analyzer (Akern SRL, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy). The results were analyzed using dedicated software (BodygramPlus 1.2.2.12 from AKERN 2016, Florence, Italy). Our observations indicate that there is a significant difference between lying and standing as well as sitting and standing with respect to anthropometric and nutritional indicators (resistance, reactance, phase angle, standardized phase angle, body cell mass index and fat-free mass index) and body composition components, with particular reference to intracellular and extracellular water. The described differences are significant for both sexes. This study showed that this significantly influenced the scores of components directly related to resistance, reactance and hydrated cell mass, while not affecting the percentages or absolute values of fat and fat-free mass.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Electric Impedance; Female; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 36011541
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169908 -
PloS One 2020A new methodology was developed to quickly generate whole body models with detailed neck musculoskeletal architecture that are properly scaled in terms of anthropometry...
A new methodology was developed to quickly generate whole body models with detailed neck musculoskeletal architecture that are properly scaled in terms of anthropometry and muscle strength. This method was implemented in an anthropometric model generation software that allows users to interactively generate any new male or female musculoskeletal models with adjustment of anthropometric parameters (such as height, weight, neck circumference, and neck length) without the need of subject-specific motion capture or medical images. 50th percentile male and female models were developed based on the 2012 US Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR II) database and optimized with a novel bilevel optimization method to have strengths comparable to experimentally measured values in the literature. Other percentile models (ranging from the 1st to 99th percentile) were generated based on anthropometric scaling of the 50th percentile models and compared. The resultant models are reasonably accurate in terms of both musculoskeletal geometry and neck strength, demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed methodology for interactive neck model generation with anthropometric scaling.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Male; Models, Anatomic; Muscle Strength; Musculoskeletal System; Neck; Software
PubMed: 31990914
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219954