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The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2018Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition... (Review)
Review
Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition measurements are useful in assessing the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring the changes associated with growth and disease conditions. Changes in body composition occur when there is a mismatch between nutrient intake and requirement. Altered body composition is observed in conditions such as wasting and stunting when the nutritional intake may be inadequate. Overnutrition on the other hand leads to obesity. Many techniques are available for body composition assessment, which range from simple indirect measures to more sophisticated direct volumetric measurements. Some of the methods that are used today include anthropometry, tracer dilution, densitometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The methods vary in their precision and accuracy. Imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become powerful tools due to their ability of visualizing and quantifying tissues, organs, or constituents such as muscle and adipose tissue. However, these methods are still considered to be research tools due to their cost and complexity of use. This review was aimed to describe the commonly used methods for body composition analysis and provide a brief introduction on the latest techniques available.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Weights and Measures; Dimensional Measurement Accuracy; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 30666990
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1777_18 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2019Obesity is a global epidemic and belongs to major risk factors for the most prevalent diseases. Anthropometric measures are simple, inexpensive, non-invasive tools to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Obesity is a global epidemic and belongs to major risk factors for the most prevalent diseases. Anthropometric measures are simple, inexpensive, non-invasive tools to diagnosis obesity and to assess the risk of morbidity and mortality. The most widely used are body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip (WHR) and waist-to-height ratios, visceral fat area (VFA), body fat (BFP) and a new body shape index (ABSI).
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of the ABSI in obesity diagnosis compared with other anthropometric parameters like WC, WHR, BMI, VFA, and BFP. We also compared the predictability between ABSI and above mentioned common anthropometric indices.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study group was composed of 236 university students. Body height, weight, WC was measured and BMI, WHR, ABSI and ABSI z-score were calculated. The anthropometric measurements were made by using InBody 720 (Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Body composition, especially VFA, BFP, FFM was diagnosed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. We evaluated the collected data statistically and graphically in Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed using the program STATISTICA Cz version 10.
RESULTS
The diagnosis of obesity among participants according to anthropometric measures and indices showed considerable differences. We found that obesity was diagnosed according to waist circumference in 31% of participants. According to BMI 20.3% of subjects were overweight and 5.1% obese. With increasing BMI values, the values of WC, WHR and VFA also increased linearly. According to visceral fat area 11.4% of participants were in the risk obese group and by ABSI mortality risk there were 22% of subjects with high risk (4.8% and 28.3% for men and women, respectively) and 19.1% with very high risk (11.1% and 22% for men and women, respectively). VFA and BFP values increased with increasing risk of mortality, and in men also waist circumference values. When evaluating the ABSI in relation to BMI, the U-shaped curve was confirmed and in the case of WC the J-shaped curve. The FFM evaluation showed that the very low ABSI mortality risk group reached the highest values of this parameter and the lowest values showed the average mortality risk group, not only in the study group but also in male and female groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest the relevance of ABSI to screen at-risk population.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Poland; Risk Factors; Students; Waist Circumference; Waist-Height Ratio; Waist-Hip Ratio; Young Adult
PubMed: 31515986
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2019.0077 -
Pediatrics Nov 2015Children with Down syndrome (DS) have lower birth weights and grow more slowly than children without DS. Advances in and increased access to medical care have improved...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have lower birth weights and grow more slowly than children without DS. Advances in and increased access to medical care have improved the health and well-being of individuals with DS; however, it is unknown whether their growth has also improved. Our objective was to develop new growth charts for children with DS and compare them to older charts from the United States and more contemporary charts from the United Kingdom.
METHODS
The Down Syndrome Growing Up Study (DSGS) enrolled a convenience sample of children with DS up to 20 years of age and followed them longitudinally. Growth parameters were measured by research anthropometrists. Sex-specific growth charts were generated for the age ranges birth to 36 months and 2 to 20 years using the LMS method. Weight-for-length and BMI charts were also generated. Comparisons with other curves were presented graphically.
RESULTS
New DSGS growth charts were developed by using 1520 measurements on 637 participants. DSGS growth charts for children <36 months of age showed marked improvements in weight compared with older US charts. DSGS charts for 2- to 20-year-olds showed that contemporary males are taller than previous charts showed. Generally, the DSGS growth charts are similar to the UK charts.
CONCLUSIONS
The DSGS growth charts can be used as screening tools to assess growth and nutritional status and to provide indications of how growth of an individual child compares with peers of the same age and sex with DS.
Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Down Syndrome; Female; Growth Charts; Head; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nutritional Status; United States
PubMed: 26504127
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1652 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2020Validate the accuracy of the Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional status and Growth (STRONGkids) and estimate the prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional risk in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Validate the accuracy of the Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional status and Growth (STRONGkids) and estimate the prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional risk in hospitalized children.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of children admitted to ten public pediatric emergency rooms. The sample was randomly estimated in stages, including children older than 30 days and younger than 10 years of age, of both sexes, excluding syndromic children and those in whom it was impossible to directly measure anthropometry. Weight, height, and arm circumference were measured, as well as the Z-scores of the anthropometric indices weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height, body mass index for age, and arm circumference for age, classified according to the reference curves of the World Health Organization. After the tool was applied, its accuracy tests were performed in comparison with the anthropometric data, with the evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.
RESULTS
A total of 271 children were evaluated, 56.46% males and 41.70% younger than 2 years of age. The prevalence rates of malnutrition, nutritional risk assessed by anthropometric measurements, and nutritional risk assessed by the tool were 12.18%, 33.95%, and 78.60%, respectively. Accuracy showed sensitivity of 84.8%, specificity of 26.7%, positive predictive value of 49.8%, and negative predictive value of 67.2%, when the patients at nutritional risk were identified by anthropometry.
CONCLUSION
Validation of the accuracy of STRONGkids was performed, showing high sensitivity, allowing the early identification of nutritional risk in similar populations.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Malnutrition; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 31028746
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.12.012 -
Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista... Jul 2003
Topics: Anthropometry; Birth Weight; Humans; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 14595505
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802003000400001 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Sep 2016El sobrepeso y la obesidad se definen como un depósito anormal o excesivo de grasa corporal. El aumento de su prevalencia en las últimas décadas lo convierte en uno...
El sobrepeso y la obesidad se definen como un depósito anormal o excesivo de grasa corporal. El aumento de su prevalencia en las últimas décadas lo convierte en uno de los principales problemas de salud pública que afecta a 42 millones de niños menores de 5 años en el mundo. Su presencia durante la infancia puede ser causa de enfermedades metabólicas hasta ahora consideradas típicas del adulto y mortalidad prematura, por lo que su correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento son fundamentales.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male
PubMed: 27759964
DOI: 10.20960/nh.560 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022While overeating is considered a cause of the obesity epidemic as quantified by body mass index (BMI), the association of diet with a body shape index (ABSI) and hip...
While overeating is considered a cause of the obesity epidemic as quantified by body mass index (BMI), the association of diet with a body shape index (ABSI) and hip index (HI), which are transformations of waist and hip circumference that are independent of BMI and which predict mortality risk, is poorly known. We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of about 15,000 middle-aged adults to investigate associations between macronutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, the latter two divided into plant and animal sources, all based on self-reported food frequency) with anthropometric indices (BMI, ABSI, and HI). We also analyzed the association of diet and anthropometrics with death rate during approximately 30 years of follow-up. High intake of energy and animal fat and protein was generally associated with higher ABSI and lower HI at baseline, as well as greater mortality hazard. BMI was also positively linked with animal fat and protein intake. In contrast, higher intake of carbohydrates and plant fat and protein was associated with lower ABSI and BMI, higher HI, and lower mortality hazard. For example, after adjustment for potential confounders, each standard deviation of additional plant fat intake (as a fraction of total energy) was associated with a 5% decrease in mortality rate, while animal fat intake was associated with a 5% mortality increase per standard deviation. The directions of the associations between diet and anthropometrics are consistent with those found between anthropometrics and mortality without reference to diet.
Topics: Animals; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Carbohydrates; Diet; Obesity; Risk Factors; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 36232184
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912885 -
Human Factors May 2023This research aims to determine the need and extent for a national anthropometry survey of law enforcement officers (LEOs) via an exploratory investigation of...
OBJECTIVES
This research aims to determine the need and extent for a national anthropometry survey of law enforcement officers (LEOs) via an exploratory investigation of anthropometric changes of LEOs in four decades and comparisons of the LEO data with three existing military and civilian anthropometry sources.
BACKGROUND
The best available anthropometric dataset of LEOs is 45 years old and has largely become outdated due to demographic changes. Assessing the extent of anthropometric changes of LEOs through a sample and evaluating the differences of the sample against existing anthropometric datasets is a step toward ascertaining the necessity for a national LEO anthropometry study.
METHOD
Thirty-two body dimensions of 67 regional male LEOs and seven female LEOs were measured, and the data of males were compared with the best available LEO anthropometry data from 1975 and three recent non-LEO anthropometry databases.
RESULTS
Anthropometric dimensions were significantly different between this LEO study and existing data sources, especially in chest circumference and body weight. Most of the significant differences are important differences for LEO protective gear and vehicle design.
CONCLUSION
The study confirmed that the existing 45-year-old LEO dataset and recent Army and civilian datasets would not be suitable for armor and equipment design for the current LEO population.
APPLICATION
The study results are useful in supporting the decision of investing in a national LEO anthropometry survey and for equipment manufacturers to recognize the distinctiveness of LEO anthropometry from other populations and the magnitude of anthropometry changes of LEOs over the past 45 years.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Police; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Military Personnel; Information Sources
PubMed: 34078146
DOI: 10.1177/00187208211019157 -
Nutrients Jan 2023Digital anthropometry (DA) has been recently developed for body composition evaluation and for postural analysis. The aims of this review are to examine the current... (Review)
Review
Digital anthropometry (DA) has been recently developed for body composition evaluation and for postural analysis. The aims of this review are to examine the current state of DA technology, as well as to verify the methods for identifying the best technology to be used in the field of DA by evaluating the reliability and accuracy of the available technologies on the market, and lay the groundwork for future technological developments. A literature search was performed and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. The reliability and accuracy of DA was high in most studies, especially in the assessment of patients with obesity, although they varied according to the technology used; a good correlation was found between DA and conventional anthropometry (CA) and body composition estimates. DA is less time-consuming and less expensive and could be used as a screening tool before more expensive imaging techniques or as an alternative to other less affordable techniques. At present, DA could be useful in clinical practice, but the heterogeneity of the available studies (different devices used, laser technologies, population examined, etc.) necessitates caution in the interpretation of the obtained results. Furthermore, the need to develop integrated technologies for analyzing body composition according to multi-compartmental models is increasingly evident.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Technology; Digital Technology
PubMed: 36678173
DOI: 10.3390/nu15020302 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2023To establish the normative data of the head and face measurements needed to design an appropriate spectacle frame for the Indian population.
PURPOSE
To establish the normative data of the head and face measurements needed to design an appropriate spectacle frame for the Indian population.
METHODS
Indian subjects between 20 and 40 years were included in the study. Thirteen parameters were measured using the direct and indirect methods using ImageJ software. Photographs of subjects were captured in the primary gaze position, with the head turned toward the subject's right and left by 90° from the primary gaze.
RESULTS
The mean ± standard deviation of age was 27.6 ± 5.7; 55.38% were males. An independent t-test showed a significant difference in nose width (P = 0.001), inter-pupillary distance (P = 0.032), and body mass index (P = .012) between males and females. Inner inter-canthi distance (P = .265), outer inter-canthi distance (P = .509), and frontal angles (P = .536) showed no significant difference. There is a significant difference in face width compared with the other studies. The mean head width of males (154.168 ± 9.121) was wider than that of females (145.431 ± 8.923). This suggests a smaller distance between the temples of a spectacle frame for females.
CONCLUSION
Considering the above factors, there is a need for a customized spectacle frame design providing better optics, improved cosmesis, and comfort to the wearer.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Anthropometry; Asian People; Body Mass Index; Eyeglasses; Head; Face
PubMed: 36872723
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_954_22