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Frontiers in Public Health 2021Vector-borne emerging and re-emerging diseases pose considerable public health problem worldwide. Some of these diseases are emerging and/or re-emerging at increasing... (Review)
Review
Vector-borne emerging and re-emerging diseases pose considerable public health problem worldwide. Some of these diseases are emerging and/or re-emerging at increasing rates and appeared in new regions in the past two decades. Studies emphasized that the interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment play a key role for the emergence or re-emergence of these diseases. Furthermore, social and demographic factors such as human population growth, urbanization, globalization, trade exchange and travel and close interactions with livestock have significantly been linked with the emergence and/or re-emergence of vector-borne diseases. Other studies emphasize the ongoing evolution of pathogens, proliferation of reservoir populations, and antimicrobial drug use to be the principal exacerbating forces for emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Still other studies equivocally claim that climate change has been associated with appearance and resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Despite the fact that many important emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases are becoming better controlled, our success in stopping the many new appearing and resurging vector-borne infectious diseases that may happen in the future seems to be uncertain. Hence, this paper reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infections and the challenges for their control. It also attempts to give insights to the epidemiological profile of major vector-borne diseases including Zika fever, dengue, West Nile fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever.
Topics: Animals; Chikungunya Fever; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Vectors; Humans; Vector Borne Diseases; Yellow Fever; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 34676194
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.715759 -
Eye (London, England) Sep 2021Blepharoptosis (ptosis) is among the most common disorders of the upper eyelid encountered in both optometric and ophthalmic practice. The unilateral or bilateral... (Review)
Review
Blepharoptosis (ptosis) is among the most common disorders of the upper eyelid encountered in both optometric and ophthalmic practice. The unilateral or bilateral drooping of the upper eyelid that characterises ptosis can affect appearance and impair visual function, both of which can negatively impact quality of life. While there are several known forms of congenital ptosis, acquired ptosis (appearing later in life, due to a variety of causes) is the predominant form of the condition. This review summarises the prevalence, causes, identification, differential diagnosis, and treatment of acquired ptosis. Particular attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of acquired ptosis and emerging treatment options, including surgical and pharmacologic approaches.
Topics: Blepharoplasty; Blepharoptosis; Eyelids; Humans; Prevalence; Quality of Life
PubMed: 33927356
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01547-5 -
Virchows Archiv : An International... Jan 2022Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their... (Review)
Review
Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their rarity, they attract the attention of breast pathologists due to their overlapping morphological features and diagnostic challenges, particularly on core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens. Pathologists should recognise the wide range of differential diagnoses and be familiar with the diverse morphological appearances of these lesions to make an accurate diagnosis and to suggest proper management of the patients. Clinical history, immunohistochemistry, and molecular assays are helpful in making a correct diagnosis in morphologically challenging cases. In this review, we present our approach for the diagnosis of breast spindle cell lesions, highlighting the main features of each entity and the potential pitfalls, particularly on CNB. Breast spindle cell lesions are generally classified into two main categories: bland-appearing and malignant-appearing lesions. Each category includes a distinct list of differential diagnoses and a panel of immunohistochemical markers. In bland-appearing lesions, it is important to distinguish fibromatosis-like spindle cell metaplastic breast carcinoma from other benign entities and to distinguish fibromatosis from scar tissue. The malignant-appearing category includes spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma, stroma rich malignant phyllodes tumour, other primary and metastatic malignant spindle cell tumours of the breast, including angiosarcoma and melanoma, and benign mimics such as florid granulation tissue and nodular fasciitis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 34322734
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03162-x -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2023Media representations play an important role in producing sociocultural pressures. Despite social and legal progress in civil rights, restrictive gender-based... (Review)
Review
Media representations play an important role in producing sociocultural pressures. Despite social and legal progress in civil rights, restrictive gender-based representations appear to be still very pervasive in some contexts. The article explores scientific research on the relationship between media representations and gender stereotypes, objectification and sexualization, focusing on their presence in the cultural context. Results show how stereotyping, objectifying and sexualizing representations appear to be still very common across a number of contexts. Exposure to stereotyping representations appears to strengthen beliefs in gender stereotypes and endorsement of gender role norms, as well as fostering sexism, harassment and violence in men and stifling career-related ambitions in women. Exposure to objectifying and sexualizing representations appears to be associated with the internalization of cultural ideals of appearance, endorsement of sexist attitudes and tolerance of abuse and body shame. In turn, factors associated with exposure to these representations have been linked to detrimental effects on physical and psychological well-being, such as eating disorder symptomatology, increased body surveillance and poorer body image quality of life. However, specificities in the pathways from exposure to detrimental effects on well-being are involved for certain populations that warrant further research.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Body Image; Quality of Life; Stereotyping; Sexism; Attitude; Gender Identity
PubMed: 37239498
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105770 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Dec 2022Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values,...
Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values, and preferences. Recognizing that people's physical appearances guide their decisions about social engagement, we examined whether cues to people's music preferences in their physical appearance and expressive poses help to guide social interaction. We found that perceivers could detect targets' music preferences from photos of their bodies, heads, faces, eyes, and mouths (but not hair) and that the targets' apparent traits (e.g., submissiveness, neatness) undergirded these judgments. Perceivers also desired to meet individuals who appeared to match their music preferences versus those who did not. Music preferences therefore seem to manifest in appearance, regulating interest in others and suggesting that one's identity redundantly emerges across different types of cues. People may thus infer others' music preferences to identify candidates for social bonding.
Topics: Humans; Social Perception; Music; Judgment; Cues
PubMed: 34581211
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211048291 -
Neuroradiology Sep 2018In this paper, I will report the range of appearances of schizencephaly in children and fetuses by reviewing a 10-year experience from a single centre and detail...
PURPOSE
In this paper, I will report the range of appearances of schizencephaly in children and fetuses by reviewing a 10-year experience from a single centre and detail classification systems for the different forms of schizencephaly. This will lead to re-assessment of possible aetiological and mechanistic causes of schizencephaly.
METHODS
All cases of pediatric and fetal schizencephaly were located on the local database between 2007 and 2016 inclusive. The studies were reviewed for the presence, location and type of schizencephaly, as well as the state of the (cavum) septum pellucidum, the location of the fornices and the presence of other brain abnormalities.
RESULTS
The review included 21 children and 11 fetuses with schizencephaly. Schizencephaly (type 1) was found in 9% of children but no fetuses, schizencephaly (type 2) was present in 67% of the pediatric cases and in 45% of fetuses, whilst schizencephaly (type 3) was present in approximately 24% of children and 55% of fetuses. Other brain abnormalities were found in 67% of children and 55% of fetuses.
CONCLUSION
I have proposed a new system for classifying schizencephaly that takes into account all definitions of the abnormality in the literature. Using that approach, I have described the appearances and associations of pediatric and fetal cases of schizencephaly from a single centre. Review of the current literature appears to favour an acquired destructive aetiology for most cases of schizencephaly, and I have proposed a mechanism to explain the cortical formation abnormalities found consistently in and around areas of schizencephaly.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pregnancy; Schizencephaly
PubMed: 30027296
DOI: 10.1007/s00234-018-2056-7