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Frontiers in Oncology 2020Computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized external radiotherapy by making it possible to visualize and segment the tumors and the organs at risk in a three-dimensional... (Review)
Review
Computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized external radiotherapy by making it possible to visualize and segment the tumors and the organs at risk in a three-dimensional way. However, if CT is a now a standard, it presents some limitations, notably concerning tumor characterization and delineation. Its association with functional and anatomical images, that are positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surpasses its limits. This association can be in the form of a trimodality PET/CT/MRI. The objective of this mini-review is to describe the process of performing this PET/CT/MRI trimodality for radiotherapy and its potential clinical applications. Trimodality can be performed in two ways, either a PET/MRI fused to a planning CT (possibly with a pseudo-CT generated from the MRI for the planning), or a PET/CT fused to an MRI and then registered to a planning CT (possibly the CT of PET/CT if calibrated for radiotherapy). These examinations should be performed in the treatment position, and in the second case, a patient transfer system can be used between the PET/CT and MRI to limit movement. If trimodality requires adapted equipment, notably compatible MRI equipment with high-performance dedicated coils, it allows the advantages of the three techniques to be combined with a synergistic effect while limiting their disadvantages when carried out separately. Trimodality is already possible in clinical routine and can have a high clinical impact and good inter-observer agreement, notably for head and neck cancers, brain tumor, prostate cancer, cervical cancer.
PubMed: 33614497
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614008 -
Environmental Advances Jul 2022
PubMed: 35782591
DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100216 -
Journal of Personalized Medicine Apr 2021Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. The current management relies on surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite... (Review)
Review
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. The current management relies on surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite advances in our understanding of glioblastoma onset, we are still faced with an increased incidence, an altered quality of life and a poor prognosis, its relapse and a median overall survival of 15 months. For the past few years, the understanding of glioblastoma physiopathology has experienced an exponential acceleration and yielded significant insights and new treatments perspectives. In this review, through an original R-based literature analysis, we summarize the clinical presentation, current standards of care and outcomes in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. We also present the recent advances and perspectives regarding pathophysiological bases as well as new therapeutic approaches such as cancer vaccination and personalized treatments.
PubMed: 33915852
DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040258 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022This review lists the most important radiotracers described so far for imaging the central serotoninergic system. Single-photon emission computed tomography and positron... (Review)
Review
This review lists the most important radiotracers described so far for imaging the central serotoninergic system. Single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography radiotracers are reviewed and critically discussed for each receptor.
PubMed: 35631397
DOI: 10.3390/ph15050571 -
Philosophical Transactions. Series A,... Nov 2021The ability of some solid materials to exhibit exceptionally high ionic conductivities has been known since the observations of Michael Faraday in the nineteenth century...
The ability of some solid materials to exhibit exceptionally high ionic conductivities has been known since the observations of Michael Faraday in the nineteenth century (Faraday M. 1838 ), yet a detailed understanding of the atomic-scale physics that gives rise to this behaviour remains an open scientific question. This theme issue collects articles from researchers working on this question of understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes. The issue opens with two perspectives, both of which discuss concepts that have been proposed as schema for understanding fast-ion conduction. The first perspective presents an overview of a series of experimental NMR studies, and uses this to frame discussion of the roles of ion-ion interactions, crystallographic disorder, low-dimensionality of crystal structures, and fast interfacial diffusion in nanocomposite materials. The second perspective reviews computational studies of halides, oxides, sulfides and hydroborates, focussing on the concept of and how this can manifest in different forms in various fast-ion conductors. The issue also includes five primary research articles, each of which presents a detailed analysis of the factors that affect microscopic ion-diffusion in specific fast-ion conducting solid electrolytes, including oxide-ion conductors [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], lithium-ion conductors [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and the prototypical fluoride-ion conductor [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes'.
PubMed: 34628942
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0451 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021In the era of precision medicine, it is crucial to identify molecular alterations that will guide the therapeutic management of patients. In this context, circulating... (Review)
Review
In the era of precision medicine, it is crucial to identify molecular alterations that will guide the therapeutic management of patients. In this context, circulating tumoral DNA (ctDNA) released by the tumor in body fluids, like blood, and carrying its molecular characteristics is becoming a powerful biomarker for non-invasive detection and monitoring of cancer. Major recent technological advances, especially in terms of sequencing, have made possible its analysis, the challenge still being its reliable early detection. Different parameters, from the pre-analytical phase to the choice of sequencing technology and bioinformatic tools can influence the sensitivity of ctDNA detection.
PubMed: 34205827
DOI: 10.3390/ph14060596 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020Recent progress realized in the development of optical imaging (OPI) probes and devices has made this technique more and more affordable for imaging studies and... (Review)
Review
Recent progress realized in the development of optical imaging (OPI) probes and devices has made this technique more and more affordable for imaging studies and fluorescence-guided surgery procedures. However, this imaging modality still suffers from a low depth of penetration, thus limiting its use to shallow tissues or endoscopy-based procedures. In contrast, positron emission tomography (PET) presents a high depth of penetration and the resulting signal is less attenuated, allowing for imaging in-depth tissues. Thus, association of these imaging techniques has the potential to push back the limits of each single modality. Recently, several research groups have been involved in the development of radiolabeled fluorophores with the aim of affording dual-mode PET/OPI probes used in preclinical imaging studies of diverse pathological conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or cardiovascular diseases. Among all the available PET-active radionuclides, F stands out as the most widely used for clinical imaging thanks to its advantageous characteristics (t = 109.77 min; 97% β emitter). This review focuses on the recent efforts in the synthesis and radiofluorination of fluorescent scaffolds such as 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-diazaindacenes (BODIPYs), cyanines, and xanthene derivatives and their use in preclinical imaging studies using both PET and OPI technologies.
Topics: Animals; Disease; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms; Optical Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 33371284
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246042 -
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear... Jun 2018Radiotherapy is a major treatment modality for many cancers. Tumor response after radiotherapy determines the subsequent steps of the patient's management (surveillance,... (Review)
Review
Radiotherapy is a major treatment modality for many cancers. Tumor response after radiotherapy determines the subsequent steps of the patient's management (surveillance, adjuvant or salvage treatment and palliative care). Tumor response assessed during radiotherapy offers a promising opportunity to adapt the treatment plan to reduced or increased target volume, to specifically target sub-volumes with relevant biological characteristics (metabolism, hypoxia, proliferation, etc.) and to further spare the organs at risk. In addition to its role in the diagnosis and the initial staging, Positron Emission Tomography combined with a Computed Tomography (PET/CT) provides functional information and is therefore attractive to evaluate tumor response. The aim of this paper is to review the published data addressing PET/CT as an evaluation tool in irradiated tumors. Reports on PET/CT acquired at various times (during radiotherapy, after initial (chemo-) radiotherapy, after definitive radiotherapy and during posttreatment follow-up) in solid tumors (lung, head-and-neck, cervix, esophagus, prostate and rectum) were collected and reviewed. Various tracers and technical aspects are also discussed. 18F-FDG PET/CT has a well-established role in clinical routine after definitive chemo-radiotherapy for locally advanced head-and-neck cancers. 18F-choline PET/CT is indicated in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure. 18F-FDG PET/CT is optional in many other circumstances and the clinical benefits of assessing tumor response with PET/CT remain a field of very active research. The combination of PET with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) may prove to be valuable in irradiated rectal and cervix cancers. Tumor response can be evaluated by PET/CT with clinical consequences in multiple situations, notably in head and neck and prostate cancers, after radiotherapy. Further clinical evaluation for most cancers is still needed, possibly in association to MRI.
Topics: Choline; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29186937
DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.17.03033-3 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing, is an emerging "liquid biopsy" tool for noninvasive lymphoma detection, and an increased amount of data are now available to use this... (Review)
Review
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing, is an emerging "liquid biopsy" tool for noninvasive lymphoma detection, and an increased amount of data are now available to use this technique with accuracy, especially in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). The advantages of cfDNA include simplicity of repeated blood sample acquisition over time; dynamic, noninvasive, and quantitative analysis; fast turnover time; reasonable cost; and established consistency with results from tumor genomic DNA. cfDNA analysis offers an easy method for genotyping the overall molecular landscape of pediatric and adult cHL and may help in cases of diagnostic difficulties between cHL and other lymphomas. cfDNA levels are correlated with clinical, prognostic, and metabolic features, and may serve as a therapeutic response evaluation tool and as a minimal residual disease (MRD) biomarker in complement to positron emission tomography (PET). Indeed, cfDNA real-time monitoring by fast high-throughput techniques enables the prompt detection of refractory disease or may help to address PET residual hypermetabolic situations during or at the end of treatment. The major recent works presented and described here demonstrated the clinically meaningful applicability of cfDNA testing in diagnostic and theranostic settings, but also in disease risk assessment, therapeutic molecular response, and monitoring of cHL treatments.
PubMed: 33801462
DOI: 10.3390/ph14030207 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2023Head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) originate from the epithelial cells of the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes the oral... (Review)
Review
Head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) originate from the epithelial cells of the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes the oral cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the sinonasal cavities. There are many associated risk factors, including alcohol drinking coupled with tobacco use, which accounts for 70% to 80% of HNSCCs. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is another independent risk factor for oropharyngeal SCC, but it is only a minor contributor to oral cavity SCC (OSCC). Betel quid chewing is also an established risk factor in southeast Asian countries. However, OSCC, and especially oral tongue cancer, incidence has been reported to be increasing in several countries, suggesting risk factors that have not been identified yet. This review summarizes the established risk factors for oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas and examines other undemonstrated risk factors for HNSCC.
PubMed: 37176704
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093264