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Marine Drugs Dec 2021The biochemical composition of three novel selected microalgae strains (Chlorophyta) was evaluated to confirm their potential possibilities as new sustainably produced...
The biochemical composition of three novel selected microalgae strains (Chlorophyta) was evaluated to confirm their potential possibilities as new sustainably produced biomass with nutritional, functional, and/or biomedical properties. Extracts from cultured , , and exhibited higher radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Total phenolic compounds and amino acids were determined by newly developed RP-HPLC methods. Total phenolic contents, as µg g of dry biomass, reached 27.1 for , 26.4 for , and 55.8 for . Percentages of total analysed amino acids were 24.3, 32.1, and 18.5% of dry biomass, respectively, presenting high values for essential amino acids reaching 54.1, 72.6, and 61.2%, respectively. Glutamic acid was the most abundant free amino acid in all microalgae samples, followed by proline and lysine in and , and methionine and lysine in . Soluble carbohydrates in aqueous extracts ranged from 39.6 for to 49.3% for , increasing values to 45.1 for and 52.7% for in acid hydrolysates of dried biomass. Results confirmed the potential possibilities of these microalgae strains.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Antioxidants; Aquatic Organisms; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Microalgae; Picrates; Polyphenols
PubMed: 35049895
DOI: 10.3390/md20010040 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Sep 2021In the present study, we compared vacuum microwave oven drying Vacuum Oven Drying (VOD) and modified solvent evaporation (MSE) assisted methanolic mushroom extracts for...
In the present study, we compared vacuum microwave oven drying Vacuum Oven Drying (VOD) and modified solvent evaporation (MSE) assisted methanolic mushroom extracts for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy. MSE extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher total phenolic content (64.4 mg/g) followed by flavonoid content (20.62 mg/g), ascorbic acid (17.54 mg/g), β-carotene content (12.52 mg/g), and lycopene (9.57 mg/g) content than that of VOD extract. MSE showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher zone of inhibition against all selected microorganisms as compared to VOD extract. During the time-kill study, the MSE extract inhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher growth of followed by , , and than that of VOD extract. Also, MSE extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with VOD extract during the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization test and albumin denaturation test. MSE extract revealed significantly (p < 0.05) higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and NO scavenging assay than that of VOD extract, however, statistically, MSE extract showed comparable results with Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT). During the characterization of the selected extract, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the functional groups of the flavonoid content, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene. Quantitative analysis of gallic acid (54.32 mg/g) and rutin content (14.80 mg/g) was revealed using a high-pressure liquid chromatogram.
PubMed: 34366450
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04891-8 -
Pharmaceutics May 2019Curcuminoids have been used for the management of burns and wound healing in traditional Chinese medicine practices but the wide application of curcuminoids as a healing...
Curcuminoids have been used for the management of burns and wound healing in traditional Chinese medicine practices but the wide application of curcuminoids as a healing agent for wounds has always been a known problem due to their poor solubility, bioavailability, colour staining properties, as well as due to their intense photosensitivity and the need for further formulation approaches to maximise their various properties in order for them to considerably contribute towards the wound healing process. In the present study, a complex coacervation microencapsulation was used to encapsulate curcuminoids using gelatin B and chitosan. This study also focused on studying and confirming the potential of curcuminoids in a microencapsulated form as a wound healing agent. The potential of curcuminoids for wound management was evaluated using an in vitro human keratinocyte cell (HaCaT) model and the in vivo heater-inflicted burn wound model, providing evidence that the antioxidant activities of both forms of curcuminoids, encapsulated or not, are higher than those of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) (DPPH) studies. However, curcuminoids did not have much impact towards cell migration and proliferation in comparison with the negative control in the in vitro HaCaT study. The micoencapsulation formulation was shown to significantly influence wound healing in terms of increasing the wound contraction rate, hydroxyproline synthesis, and greater epithelialisation, which in turn provides strong justification for the incorporation of the microencapsulated formulation of curcuminoids as a topical treatment for burns and wound healing management as it has the potential to act as a crucial wound healing agent in healthcare settings.
PubMed: 31052413
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050205 -
G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2019Living organisms encounter various perturbations, and response mechanisms to such perturbations are vital for species survival. Defective stress responses are implicated...
Living organisms encounter various perturbations, and response mechanisms to such perturbations are vital for species survival. Defective stress responses are implicated in many human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Phenol derivatives, naturally occurring and synthetic, display beneficial as well as detrimental effects. The phenol derivatives in this study, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and bisphenol A (BPA), are widely used as food preservatives and industrial chemicals. Conflicting results have been reported regarding their biological activity and correlation with disease development; understanding the molecular basis of phenol action is a key step for addressing issues relevant to human health. This work presents the first comparative genomic analysis of the genetic networks for phenol stress response in an evolutionary context of two divergent yeasts, and Genomic screening of deletion strain libraries of the two yeasts identified genes required for cellular response to phenol stress, which are enriched in human orthologs. Functional analysis of these genes uncovered the major signaling pathways involved. The results provide a global view of the biological events constituting the defense process, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, phenol detoxification by V-ATPases, reactive oxygen species alleviation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress relief through ergosterol and the unfolded protein response, revealing novel roles for these cellular pathways.
Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; DNA Repair; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genomics; Phenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Schizosaccharomyces; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 30647105
DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.201000 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023The development of a new skin adhesive that can be used inside and outside the body, which prevents infection and has fewer scars and less side effects, is currently...
The development of a new skin adhesive that can be used inside and outside the body, which prevents infection and has fewer scars and less side effects, is currently attracting attention from the scientific community. To improve biocompatibility, prepolymer allyl 2-cyanoacrylate (PAC) and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (OC) were mixed in various proportions and tested for their therapeutic potential as skin adhesives. A series of skin adhesive samples prepared by mixing PAC, OC, and additives with % (/) ratios of 100:0:0, 0:100:0, 70:0:30, 40:30:30, and 30:40:30 were tested to determine their antimicrobial activity, cell cytotoxicity, and formaldehyde release. The additives include myristic acid and dibutyl sebacate as plasticizers and butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant. It was observed that the samples containing 70% PAC (PAC7) or 40% PAC (PAC4) with 30% additives had the highest antimicrobial activities against various microbial cells and no cytotoxicity regarding in vitro fibroblast cell growth. In addition, these formulations of adhesive samples released formaldehyde within the levels permitted for medical devices. Taken together, the mixture of PAC and OC as a topical skin adhesive for wound closure was found to be biocompatible, mechanically stable and safe, as well as effective for wound healing.
PubMed: 37176306
DOI: 10.3390/ma16093427 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023Chemical food preservatives are extensively found in various processed food products in the human environment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of...
Chemical food preservatives are extensively found in various processed food products in the human environment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to five food preservatives (potassium sorbate (PS), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), sodium benzoate (SB), calcium propionate (CP), and boric acid (BA)) on the liver and kidney in rats and the probable underlying mechanisms. For 90 days, sixty male albino rats were orally given either water (control), 0.09 mg/kg b.wt BHA, 4.5 mg/kg b.wt PS, 0.9 mg/kg b.wt SB, 0.16 mg/kg b.wt BA, or 0.18 mg/kg b.wt CP. Liver and kidney function tests were assessed. Hepatic and renal oxidative stress biomarkers were estimated. Histologic examination analysis of liver and kidney tissues was achieved. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR-2 and TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) mRNA expression levels were measured. The results revealed that long-term oral dosing of the five food preservatives resulted in significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. There were significant reductions in hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes, an increase in MDA concentrations, and pathological alterations in renal and hepatic tissues. The mRNA levels of TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α were elevated in the food preservatives-exposed groups. Conclusively, the current findings revealed that long-term exposure to PS, BHA, SB, CP, and BA has a negative impact on liver and kidney function. Furthermore, these negative effects could be mediated via oxidative stress induction, inflammatory reactions, and cytokine production.
Topics: Male; Food Preservatives; Liver; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Animals; Rats
PubMed: 37045926
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32887-9 -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Oct 2023Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative...
Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative flavonoids in onion. Several antioxidant techniques were used in this investigation to assess the antioxidant capabilities of spiraeoside, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical (DMPD) scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS) scavenging activities, cupric ions (Cu) reducing and potassium ferric cyanide reduction abilities. In contrast, the water-soluble α-tocopherol analogue trolox and the conventional antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and α-tocopherol were utilized as the standards for evaluation. Spiraeoside scavenged the DPPH radicals an IC of 28.51 μg/mL (r: 0.9705) meanwhile BHA, BHT, trolox, and α-tocopherol displayed IC of 10.10 μg/mL (r: 0.9015), 25.95 μg/mL (r: 0.9221), 7.059 μg/mL (r: 0.9614) and 11.31 μg/mL (r: 0.9642), accordingly. The results exhibited that spiraeoside had effects similar to BHT, but less potent than α-tocopherol, trolox and BHA. Also, inhibitory effects of spiraeoside were evaluated toward some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and α-glycosidase, which are related to a number of illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus and glaucoma disorder. Spiraeoside exhibited IC values of 4.44 nM (r: 0.9610), 7.88 nM (r: 0.9784), 19.42 nM (r: 0.9673) and 29.17 mM (r: 0.9209), respectively against these enzymes. Enzyme inhibition abilities were compared to clinical used inhibitors including acetazolamide (for CA II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and acarbose (for α-glycosidase). Spiraeoside demonstrated effective antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities. With these properties, it has shown that Spiraeoside has the potential to be a medicine for some metabolic diseases.
PubMed: 37693735
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101760 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Oct 2017The [1-(tannin-ether)-ethyl]stearate (TEES) was synthesized by two-stage process successfully. 1-Chloroethyl tannin ether (CTE), as an intermediate, was initially...
The [1-(tannin-ether)-ethyl]stearate (TEES) was synthesized by two-stage process successfully. 1-Chloroethyl tannin ether (CTE), as an intermediate, was initially prepared with tannic acid (TA) and paraldehyde. Then, the TEES was synthesized by sodium stearate and CTE in the presence of FeCl-PEG-400 as phase-transfer catalyst. Synthetic conditions were optimized. The structural characteristics of TEES were analyzed by FTIR, H NMR and UV-vis techniques. And the thermal stability of TEES was investigated. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of TEES for linseed oil was evaluated and compared with other substance such as TA and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The results showed that the yield reached 88.19 wt% (theoretical value: 88.80 wt%, relative deviation: 0.80 ± 0.34%) under the optimized condition, in which the ratio of TA: FeCl: PEG-400 was 1 g: 0.09 g: 0.693 mL, the reaction temperature and time was 75 °C and 240 min, respectively. The antioxidant activity of TEES was higher than TA and comparable to BHA in linseed oil. The of oil samples with TEES, TA and BHA were 63.4, 201.3 and 84.2 meq/kg after 20 days, respectively. The reason of this was relate to the better oil solubility of TEES and its unique structure. More importantly, the interaction between the TEES and SC was weaker than that of TA and SC by the fluorescence experiment.
PubMed: 29051643
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2805-3 -
Redox Report : Communications in Free... Nov 2017Two important classes of hydrazide-containing fused azaisocytosines were evaluated as possible antioxidants and characterised by UV spectroscopy.
OBJECTIVES
Two important classes of hydrazide-containing fused azaisocytosines were evaluated as possible antioxidants and characterised by UV spectroscopy.
METHODS
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (HO) scavenging potencies and reducing power of molecules were evaluated.
RESULTS
The strongest DPPH scavengers were found to be 9, showing the potency superior to that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and comparable to that of ascorbic acid (AA), and 6, revealing the antioxidant potency superior to that of BHA, BHT, PG and Trolox. In turn, 3 and 9 were the most promising NO scavengers, exhibiting the potency superior to that of BHA, BHT (3 and 9) and AA (3). The most potent HO scavengers proved to be 10 and 9 showing similar or even better neutralising potency than that of Trolox, BHT and BHA. Simultaneously, the majority of hydrazides revealed higher ferric reducing abilities than that of AA and BHT. Some structure-activity relationships were explored. A possible mechanism for the DPPH radical scavenging ability of hydrazide-containing molecules was proposed.
DISCUSSION
Hydrazides 3, 6 and 9 with an antioxidant potential better or comparable to that of the well-known antioxidants are proposed as new antioxidant candidates.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chromans; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipid Peroxidation; Propyl Gallate; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 28812524
DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1364330 -
Journal of Veterinary Science 2015Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic phenolic compound consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds: 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic phenolic compound consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds: 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. We examined the effect of BHA against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. Cell viability was significantly decreased by H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, H2O2 treatment increased Bax, decreased Bcl-2, and promoted PARP-1 cleavage in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with BHA before exposure to H2O2 significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced decrease of cell viability. H2O2 exposure resulted in an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with BHA or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, an ROS scavenger). H2O2-induced decrease of cell viability was also attenuated by pretreatment with BHA and NAC. Furthermore, H2O2-induced increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, and PARP-1 cleavage was also inhibited by BHA. Taken together, results of this investigation demonstrated that BHA protects primary cultured mouse hepatocytes against H2O2-induced apoptosis by inhibiting ROS generation.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Hepatocytes; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 25798044
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.17