-
Pharmacognosy Reviews Jul 2010In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species...
In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases.
PubMed: 22228951
DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902 -
Fertility and Sterility Sep 2016Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have... (Review)
Review
Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have been evaluated for potential deleterious health impact: parabens, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and siloxanes. A review of the ingredients in the best-selling and top-rated products of the top beauty brands in the world, as well as a review of highlighted chemicals by nonprofit environmental organizations, reveals 11 chemicals and chemical families of concern: butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene, coal tar dyes, diethanolamine, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, parabens, phthalates, 1,4-dioxane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, talc/asbestos, and triclosan. Age at menopause can be affected by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, failure of DNA repair, oxidative stress, shortened telomere length, and ovarian toxicity. There is a lack of available studies to make a conclusion regarding cosmetics use and age at menopause. What little data there are suggest that future studies are warranted. Women with chronic and consistent use of cosmetics across their lifespan may be a population of concern. More research is required to better elucidate the relationship and time windows of vulnerability and the effects of mixtures and combinations of products on ovarian health.
Topics: Age of Onset; Animals; Cosmetics; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Ovary; Reproduction; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 27545020
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.020 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jun 2023Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that...
BACKGROUND
Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that adverse environmental factors can affect ovarian function. However, whether synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) exposure is associated with DOR is still unknown.
OBJECTIVES
We explored whether concentrations of SPAs and their metabolites are associated with DOR.
METHODS
A case-control study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 in China. One hundred eighty-one women 20-44 years of age, with (case group, ) and without DOR (control group, ) were included in our study. The follicular fluid concentrations of typical SPAs and their metabolites were measured, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), -butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and five BHT metabolites [3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-benzylalcohol (BHT-OH), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), 2,6-di--butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (BHT-quinol)]. Information about serum basal concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and the basal antral follicle count (AFC) was collected.
RESULTS
The measured frequencies of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, BHT-OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, and BHT-quinol in follicular fluid were 1.7%, 2.2%, 40.3%, 46.4%, 57.5%, 100%, 64.6%, and 49.2%, respectively. The concentrations of BHT-CHO ( vs. , ), BHT-COOH ( vs. , ), BHT-Q ( vs. , ), and the sum of five BHT metabolites (; vs. , ) in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The risk of DOR was further analyzed according to the tertiles of chemical concentration. Compared with the low levels of BHT metabolites, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for DOR were significantly increased in the high levels of BHT-CHO [, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 8.31, ], BHT-COOH [ (95% CI: 1.63, 13.71), ], and BHT-Q [ (95% CI: 1.69, 11.86), ] after adjusting for age, body mass index, education, infertility type, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Moreover, compared with the low level of , increased adjusted ORs for DOR were found both in the middle level [ (95% CI: 1.44, 11.75), ] and high level [ (95% CI: 1.81, 16.77), ], showing an obvious dose-response relationship ().
CONCLUSION
In this study, we report the measured frequency and concentrations of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, and their metabolites in follicular fluid. Moreover, we found the concentrations of BHT metabolites, especially BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, and BHT-Q, are positively associated with the increased risk of DOR. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11309.
Topics: Female; Humans; Antioxidants; Hydroquinones; Case-Control Studies; Follicular Fluid; Ovarian Reserve; Phenols
PubMed: 37267061
DOI: 10.1289/EHP11309 -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2011
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Carcinogens; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21850118
DOI: No ID Found -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Mar 2018Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a waxy solid consisting for > 98.5% of the active substance, a mixture of 3--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a waxy solid consisting for > 98.5% of the active substance, a mixture of 3--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is intended to be used as an antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species and categories. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered BHA up to 150 mg/kg complete feed as safe for all animal species except for cats, for which a safe dose could not be established from the tolerance data. BHA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it is metabolised rapidly and excreted as such and as metabolites in the urine and faeces. The proportions of the different metabolites vary depending on species and dose. No accumulation of BHA or metabolites was observed in tissues. The Panel concluded that no concern for consumer safety would arise from the use of BHA as a feed additive at the maximum concentration of 150 mg/kg feed. The additive should be considered a skin, eye irritant and a potential skin sensitiser. Exposure of the user via inhalation was considered unlikely; therefore, a risk is not expected. The use of BHA at the maximum concentration proposed is unlikely to pose a risk to the environment. BHA is authorised as an antioxidant for food use at comparable use levels, therefore, no studies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of BHA as an antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species.
PubMed: 32625845
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5215 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Sep 2021Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic antioxidant analogous of vitamin E. It is used as a preservative to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in high-fat...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic antioxidant analogous of vitamin E. It is used as a preservative to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in high-fat foods, and this study's objective was to investigate the effects of BHA on oxidative stress and apoptosis in addition to delineating its efficacy as a growth-promoting feed additive. 60 weaned male rabbits (V-line) were randomly divided into four equal groups: BHA0.0 (control), BHA50, BHA100, and BHA150, administered basal diets with 0.0, 50, 100, and 150 mg BHA/kg of feed for 60 days. Animals were examined for growth performance, markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and meat characteristics. Compared to the control group, rabbits receiving BHA-supplemented diets exhibited increases in BW and average daily gain (P < 0.01), where BHA50 and BHA100 groups showed increased muscle content of methionine aspartic acid, serine, and glutamine (P < 0.05). These two groups also exhibited elevated catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and diminished malondialdehyde levels in the liver. Butylated hydroxyanisole upregulated fatty acid synthase gene (FASN), especially in BHA100 animals. Bcl-2-associated X/B-celllymphoma-2 (Bax/Bcl-2) ratio significantly increased in animals receiving higher doses of BHA, and the weight of the liver significantly increased following BHA treatment. Supplementing growing rabbits with lower doses of dietary BHA may promote growth performance and meat quality via maintaining the redox balance. Hence, the 50-100 mg/kg may be recommended as a safe and still effective feed additive as well as an oxidative stress attenuator.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Diet; Male; Meat; Oxidative Stress; Rabbits
PubMed: 34425485
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100339 -
The transformation mechanism and eco-toxicity evaluation of butylated hydroxyanisole in environment.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feb 2022Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is one of important phenolic antioxidants and its fate in the environment has attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, the...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is one of important phenolic antioxidants and its fate in the environment has attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, the initial reactions of BHA with OH radicals, including 8 abstraction reactions and 6 addition reactions, were calculated. The lowest energy barrier of 3.20 kcal mol was found from the abstraction reaction on phenolic hydroxyl group. The reaction barriers of addition paths are in the range of 5.48-9.28 kcal mol, which are lower than those of the abstraction paths. The reaction rate constants were calculated by using transition state theory, and the rate constants are 8.12 × 10 M sand 4.76 × 10 M s for the H-abstraction and OH-addition reactions, respectively. Through the calculation of the subsequent reactions of the abs-H-TS and add-C-M it was found that BHA would be further transformed into 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBQ), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) etc. in the aqueous phase, and the eco-toxicities of these transformed products of BHA in the aqueous phase were significantly increased comparing with that of the BHA and they are toxic to aquatic organism.
Topics: Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Hydroquinones; Phenols
PubMed: 35026586
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113179 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2017There are concerns about using synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as food additives because of the... (Review)
Review
There are concerns about using synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as food additives because of the reported negative effects on human health. Thus, a replacement of these synthetics by antioxidant extractions from various foods has been proposed. More than 8000 different phenolic compounds have been characterized; fruits and vegetables are the prime sources of natural antioxidants. In order to extract, measure, and identify bioactive compounds from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, researchers use multiple techniques and methods. This review includes a brief description of a wide range of different assays. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of phenolic natural products from fruits and vegetables are also discussed.
PubMed: 28937585
DOI: 10.3390/plants6040042 -
Clujul Medical (1957) 2013Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is extensively used as antioxidant in foods, food packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In the past years, it raised concerns... (Review)
Review
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is extensively used as antioxidant in foods, food packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In the past years, it raised concerns regarding its possible endocrine disrupting effect. The existing in vitro studies indicate that BHA presents a weak estrogenic effect and also anti-androgenic properties while an in vivo study found it to have antiestrogenic properties. There is no sufficient data available at the moment to draw a conclusion regarding the safety of BHA when referring to its endocrine disrupting effect. Since a fraction of the population might be exposed to doses superior to the acceptable daily intake (ADI), it is important to gather more in vitro and in vivo data concerning the potential effects that BHA might have alone, but also in mixtures with natural hormones or other endocrine disrupting compounds.
PubMed: 26527908
DOI: No ID Found -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Jul 2018The utility of rodent forestomach tumor data for hazard and risk assessment has been examined for decades because humans do not have a forestomach, and these tumors... (Review)
Review
The utility of rodent forestomach tumor data for hazard and risk assessment has been examined for decades because humans do not have a forestomach, and these tumors occur by varying modes of action (MOAs). We have used the MOA for ethyl acrylate (EA) to develop an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for forestomach tumors caused by non-genotoxic initiating events. These tumors occur secondary to site of contact induced epithelial cytotoxicity and regenerative repair-driven proliferation. For EA, the critical initiating event (IE) is epithelial cytotoxicity, and supporting key events (KEs) at the cellular and tissue level are increased cell proliferation (KE1) resulting in sustained hyperplasia (KE2), with the adverse outcome of forestomach papillomas and carcinomas. For EA, a pre-molecular initiating event (pre-MIE) of sustained glutathione depletion is probable. Supporting data from butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are also reviewed. Although there may be some variability in the pre-MIEs and IEs for BHA and EA, they share the same KEs, and evidence for BHA confers support for the AOP. Evolved Bradford Hill considerations of biological plausibility, essentiality, and empirical support were evaluated per OECD guidance. Although an MIE is not specifically described, overall confidence in the AOP is high due to well-developed and accepted evidence streams, and the AOP can be used for regulatory applications including hazard identification and risk assessment for chemicals that act by this AOP.
Topics: Acrylates; Adverse Outcome Pathways; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Risk Assessment; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 29684431
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.016