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Plant Physiology Jan 2019Apical dominance is the process whereby the shoot tip inhibits the growth of axillary buds along the stem. It has been proposed that the shoot tip, which is the...
Apical dominance is the process whereby the shoot tip inhibits the growth of axillary buds along the stem. It has been proposed that the shoot tip, which is the predominant source of the plant hormone auxin, prevents bud outgrowth by suppressing auxin canalization and export from axillary buds into the main stem. In this theory, auxin flow out of axillary buds is a prerequisite for bud outgrowth, and buds are triggered to grow by an enhanced proportional flow of auxin from the buds. A major challenge of directly testing this model is in being able to create a bud- or stem-specific change in auxin transport. Here we evaluate the relationship between specific changes in auxin efflux from axillary buds and bud outgrowth after shoot tip removal (decapitation) in the pea (). The auxin transport inhibitor 1--naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and to a lesser extent, the auxin perception inhibitor -chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), effectively blocked auxin efflux from axillary buds of intact and decapitated plants without affecting auxin flow in the main stem. Gene expression analyses indicate that NPA and PCIB regulate auxin-inducible, and biosynthesis and transport genes, in axillary buds within 3 h after application. These inhibitors had no effect on initial bud outgrowth after decapitation or cytokinin (benzyladenine; BA) treatment. Inhibitory effects of PCIB and NPA on axillary bud outgrowth only became apparent from 48 h after treatment. These findings demonstrate that the initiation of decapitation- and cytokinin-induced axillary bud outgrowth is independent of auxin canalization and export from the bud.
Topics: Biological Transport; Clofibric Acid; Gene Expression Profiling; Genes, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Models, Biological; Pisum sativum; Phthalimides; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Shoots
PubMed: 30404820
DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00519 -
Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021With the continuous popularization of smart medicine, the protective effect of silibinin in the liver has attracted much attention. This study mainly explores the liver...
With the continuous popularization of smart medicine, the protective effect of silibinin in the liver has attracted much attention. This study mainly explores the liver protection mechanism and absorption promotion technology of silybin based on intelligent medical analysis. Refining of silibinin: accurately weigh 1.0 g of silibinin in a three-necked flask; gradually add 50 mL of anhydrous methanol, reflux and filter the precipitated solid; and weigh it after drying. ICR male mice were taken as experimental subjects and randomly divided into groups of 10 each. The mice in the normal group and the model group were given intragastrically with 0.5% CMC-Na solution; the mice in the silibinin group were given intragastrically with SB/CMC-Na suspension; the mice in the remaining groups were given low, medium, and high-dose suspensions to their stomachs, and silibinin 23 acylate/CMC-Na suspension was administered at a dose of 10 mL/kg for 7 consecutive days. After that, the mice were fasted for 12 hours. After 6 hours of fasting (18 hours after modeling), the blood cells from their orbits were taken, placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 minutes, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the serum was taken; the activity equivalent of AST and ALT in serum was measured; serum determination Medium AST and ALT vitality. The mice were killed by decapitation, fresh liver tissue was immediately collected, and part of it was frozen in liquid nitrogen for the RT-PCR test. The hepatocyte expansion and death were observed using a transmission electron microscope, and the oncosis index (OI) was calculated. Another part of the liver tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, dehydrated, and sliced at 4 m. Some sections were stained with conventional HE, and the pathological changes of liver cells were observed under light microscope; some sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry. Only one mouse died when 240 mg/kg of silibinin was given 10 minutes after the model was modeled. However, when 240 mg/kg silibinin was given to the mice 20 minutes after modeling, the mortality rate of the mice rose to 50%, and the therapeutic effect was significantly weakened. This research is helpful to advance the research of silybin in liver protection.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Random Allocation; Silybin; Technology
PubMed: 34285784
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968016 -
PeerJ 2023The chrysanthemum gene, homologous with tomato , is one of the earliest expressed genes controlling axillary meristem initiation. In this study, the wild-type...
The chrysanthemum gene, homologous with tomato , is one of the earliest expressed genes controlling axillary meristem initiation. In this study, the wild-type chrysanthemum (CW) and -overexpressed line 15 (C15) were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of axillary bud development in chrysanthemum. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out to detect the differentially expressed genes of the axillary buds 0 h, 24 h and 48 h after decapitation. The phenotypic results showed that the number of axillary buds of C15 was significantly higher than CW. A total of 9,224 DEGs were identified in C15-0 CW-0, 10,622 DEGs in C15-24 CW-24, and 8,929 DEGs in C15-48 CW-48.GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that the genes of the flavonoid, phenylpropanoids and plant hormone pathways appeared to be differentially expressed, indicating their important roles in axillary bud germination. reduces GA content in axillary buds by promoting GA2ox expression.These results confirmed previous studies on axillary bud germination and growth, and revealed the important roles of genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, aiding in the study of the gene patterns involved in axillary bud germination and growth.
Topics: Plant Growth Regulators; Chrysanthemum; Gene Expression Profiling; Cell Division
PubMed: 38111658
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16436 -
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2022Gallic acid (GA) is an organic acid that possesses anti-inflammatory effects as it inhibits the production of metalloproteinases, tissue plasminogen activator, growth...
OBJECTIVE
Gallic acid (GA) is an organic acid that possesses anti-inflammatory effects as it inhibits the production of metalloproteinases, tissue plasminogen activator, growth factors and adhesion molecules. Since formation of abdominal surgery-induced adhesion bands is accompanied by inflammation, angiogenesis and cell proliferation, in the current study, we assessed potential beneficial properties of GA against adhesion bands formation in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-six adult male rats were assigned into six groups of six animals. After induction of anesthesia, peritoneal injury was induced using a standard method and animals received either GA (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), or normal saline, while a group of rats remained intact. Seven days after the surgery, animals were decapitated and samples were collected for pathology evaluations. Also, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were determined in serum samples.
RESULTS
Our results showed that GA significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in serum samples but had no effect on TNF-α levels. Furthermore, microscopic and macroscopic injuries reduced significantly in GA-treated animals.
CONCLUSION
Since GA reduced adhesion bands formation at microscopic and macroscopic levels, it could be considered a treatment against adhesion bands formation.
PubMed: 35782766
DOI: 10.22038/AJP.2022.19811 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Temperate deciduous fruit trees survive winter temperatures by entering a dormant phase in their aerial meristematic organs. Release from bud dormancy occurs after chill...
Temperate deciduous fruit trees survive winter temperatures by entering a dormant phase in their aerial meristematic organs. Release from bud dormancy occurs after chill requirements (CR) have been satisfied, whereas bud burst/flowering follows heat requirement (HR) fulfillment. The physiological basis behind these metrics remains elusive. In this study, we are presenting the first multidisciplinary dormancy progression analysis in northern Patagonia, linking (1) forcing/field phenology, (2) bud anatomical development, and (3) soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) dynamics in L. CR and HR were determined for 'Chandler' and 'Franquette,' two walnut cultivars with markedly different CR, in artificial chill/forced heat trials (three seasons) and in-field chill/forced heat tests (five seasons) using excised twigs either with or without apical buds (non-decapitated and decapitated). The soluble sugar dynamics of 'Chandler' (high-performance liquid chromatography) and the anatomical changes of the buds (light microscopy) of the two cultivars were analyzed during endo-ecodormancy progression in one and two seasons, respectively. The CR defined by artificial chill tests proved to be an overestimation compared to the field determinations. Moreover, HR was the main driver in the phenology dynamics, as expected for a high-chill region. 'Chandler' showed an average of 10.3 field chill portions (CP) and 2,163 Growing Degree Hours (GDH°C) less than 'Franquette' for dormancy release and bud burst, respectively. These results were consistent with the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the reproductive phase and the soluble sugar profile. The decrease in sucrose between 15 and 30 days after CR fulfillment could be a reliable biological marker for endodormancy release in walnut, while the increase in fructose and glucose is likely an osmolyte and cellulosic carbon source in pre-sprouting. In addition, we discuss the effect of paradormancy thanks to our apical bud experiment (with or without). Our results improve the current understanding of endo-ecodormancy progression in walnut and provide insightful results for walnut production (i.e., cultivation practices such as pruning) as well as for further application in dormancy modeling, to infer the ideotypes that should be bred for future climate conditions.
PubMed: 35185955
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.803878 -
Journal of Biological Rhythms Jun 2023The ability of flatworms to regenerate entire brain structures, and indeed much of their body from mere fragments of the whole animal, presents the unique opportunity to...
The ability of flatworms to regenerate entire brain structures, and indeed much of their body from mere fragments of the whole animal, presents the unique opportunity to observe the development of day-night rhythms in adult animals. In many animals, young are arrhythmic, and their species-specific timing of activity develops as the animal matures. In this study, we created two flatworm cohorts, housed in isolation, that were regenerating either (1) the brain in a decapitated animal, or (2) major body structures in a bisected, tailless animal. In this way, we observed how bisection influenced the level of activity and diel rhythmicity, and how these developed as each flatworm regenerated. Here, we demonstrate that intact flatworms were predominantly active at night, with peaks in activity seen in the hours after lights-off and before lights-on. While decapitated and tailless flatworms could still move, both were less active than the original animal, and both segments retained a nocturnal lifestyle. Furthermore, decapitated flatworms, once regenerated, again showed a U-shaped pattern of nocturnal activity reminiscent of the two night-time peaks seen in the original animal. These results could be used to further investigate how regeneration may affect motor control and motor output, or to further investigate the presence of a clock in the flatworm brain.
Topics: Animals; Planarians; Circadian Rhythm; Regeneration; Head; Brain
PubMed: 36960836
DOI: 10.1177/07487304231158947 -
Dermatology Online Journal Apr 2018It is relatively rare to find syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) outside the head and neck region and extremely rare in the anogenital area. Characteristic...
It is relatively rare to find syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) outside the head and neck region and extremely rare in the anogenital area. Characteristic histological features such as cystic invaginations, glandular epithelium showing decapitation secretion, and stroma with plasma cells are important for making the diagnosis. We present a rare case of SCAP on the mons pubis of a 13-year-old girl and compare cases of SCAP from other rare locations.
Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas
PubMed: 29906013
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Physiology 2023Lactation overnutrition is a programming agent of energy metabolism, and litter size reduction leads to the early development of obesity, which persists until...
Lactation overnutrition is a programming agent of energy metabolism, and litter size reduction leads to the early development of obesity, which persists until adulthood. Liver metabolism is disrupted by obesity, and increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids are pointed as a possible mediator for the obesity development, since bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) can reduce obesity in different models of obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of glucocorticoids on metabolic changes and liver lipogenesis and insulin pathway induced by lactation overnutrition. For this, on the postnatal day 3 (PND), 3 pups (small litter-SL) or 10 pups (normal litter-NL) were kept with each dam. On PND 60, male Wistar rats underwent bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) or fictitious surgery (sham), and half of ADX animals received corticosterone (CORT- 25 mg/L) diluted in the drinking fluid. On PND 74, the animals were euthanized by decapitation for trunk blood collection, and liver dissection and storage. SL rats presented increased corticosterone, free fatty acids, total and LDL-cholesterol plasma levels, without changes in triglycerides (TG) and HDL-cholesterol. The SL group also showed increased content of liver TG, and expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), but decreased expression of PI3K in the liver, compared to NL rats. In the SL group, the ADX decreased plasma levels of corticosterone, FFA, TG and HDL cholesterol, liver TG, and liver expression of FASN, and IRS2, compared to sham animals. In SL animals, CORT treatment increased plasma levels of TG and HDL cholesterol, liver TG, and expression of FASN, IRS1, and IRS2, compared with the ADX group. In summary, the ADX attenuated plasma and liver changes observed after lactation overnutrition, and CORT treatment could reverse most ADX-induced effects. Thus, increased circulating glucocorticoids are likely to play a pivotal role in liver and plasma impairments induced by lactation overnutrition in male rats.
PubMed: 37234421
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1161582 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2021Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA,...
Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, taurine, and glycine in brain tissue and plasma of rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a well-characterized experimental model of autism. Pregnant rats were injected with VPA (600mg/Kg) during the twelfth-embryonic-day. Control rats were injected with saline. On the fourteen-postnatal-day, rats from both groups (males and females) were anesthetized, euthanized by decapitation and their brain dissected out. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, brain stem and cerebellum were dissected and homogenized. Homogenates were centrifuged and supernatants were used to quantify amino acid concentrations by HPLC coupled with fluorometric detection. Blood samples were obtained by a cardiac puncture; plasma was separated and deproteinized to quantify amino acid concentration by HPLC. We found that, in VPA rats, glutamate and glutamine concentrations were increased in hippocampus and glycine concentration was increased in cortex. We did not find changes in other regions or in plasma amino acid concentration in the VPA group with respect to control group. Our results suggest that VPA exposure in utero may impair inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transmission in the infant brain.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Brain; Female; Male; Plasma; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 33729379
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190861 -
Ulusal Travma Ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi =... Nov 2021Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease accompanied by pancreatic inflammation characterized by acinar cell damage and leukocyte infiltration in the tissue. At...
BACKGROUND
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease accompanied by pancreatic inflammation characterized by acinar cell damage and leukocyte infiltration in the tissue. At present, mortality and morbidity rates are high despite the current treatment of pancreatitis; therefore, new studies and treatment studies are needed. In this study, the effects of alpha-tocopherol on different doses of L-arginine-induced experimental acute pancreatitis model were investigated.
METHODS
Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were randomly divided into four groups; control (sham) group (n=6), acute pancreatitis group (n=8), low-dose alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg once intraperitoneal [IP]) group (n=8), and high dose alpha-tocopherol (400 mg/kg once ip) group (n=8). Experimental acute pancreatitis model was created by a single IP dose of 5 g/kg of L-arginine. Alpha-tocopherol was administered in a single dose intraperitoneally, 30 min before the creation of the experimental model of acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine induction in Groups 3 and 4. Tissue and blood samples were taken under anesthesia 72 h after L-arginine injection; then the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Serum amylase, lipase, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were examined. Pancreatic tissue samples were examined under a light microscope for histopathological examination.
RESULTS
When the acute pancreatitis group (Group 2) was compared to the control group (Group 1), serum amylase, lipase, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP levels were all significantly increased (p<0.05 for all). Histopathological examination showed significant difference in edema (p<0.001) and inflammation (p=0.007) scores. When the low (Group 3) and high (Group 4) dose alpha-tocopherol groups were compared to Group 2, amylase, lipase, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP parameters were statistically significantly lower (p<0.05 for all). In the histopathological comparison of Groups 2, 3, and 4, edema and inflammation scores were decreased in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Group 2. Comparing Group 4 to Group 3, lipase (p<0.01), IL-6 (p=0.038), and TNF-alpha (p=0.002) levels were significantly decreased; no significant difference was observed in the histopathological evaluation.
CONCLUSION
Alpha-tocopherol was found to reduce inflammation and pancreatic damage in acute pancreatitis and was more effective in high doses.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 34710231
DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2020.89054