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PeerJ 2023Dental-derived stem cells have excellent proliferation ability and multi-directional differentiation potential, making them an important research target in tissue... (Review)
Review
Dental-derived stem cells have excellent proliferation ability and multi-directional differentiation potential, making them an important research target in tissue engineering. An increasing number of dental-derived stem cells have been discovered recently, including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs), dental follicle precursor cells (DFPCs), and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). These stem cells have significant application prospects in tissue regeneration because they are found in an abundance of sources, and they have good biocompatibility and are highly effective. The biological functions of dental-derived stem cells are regulated in many ways. Epigenetic regulation means changing the expression level and function of a gene without changing its sequence. Epigenetic regulation is involved in many biological processes, such as embryonic development, bone homeostasis, and the fate of stem cells. Existing studies have shown that dental-derived stem cells are also regulated by epigenetic modifications. Pulp and periodontal regeneration refers to the practice of replacing damaged pulp and periodontal tissue and restoring the tissue structure and function under normal physiological conditions. This treatment has better therapeutic effects than traditional treatments. This article reviews the recent research on the mechanism of epigenetic regulation of dental-derived stem cells, and the core issues surrounding the practical application and future use of pulp and periodontal regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Epigenesis, Genetic; Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium
PubMed: 36620748
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14550 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Aug 2020Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are explored by limited studies and their molecular insights are very rarely studied. This systematic review is aimed to provide the best scientific literature source on the molecular insights into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment caused by diabetes mellitus or by maternal diabetes on the offspring. The literature search was conducted on the databases, namely PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, and Scopus. The original studies exploring the alterations in the molecular pathways of odontogenesis in diabetes mellitus were selected. Data were extracted, chosen, and evaluated by two independent researchers. At the end of thorough data search, four articles were eligible for the review. Three articles brought out the molecular pathways involved in the offspring of gestational diabetes through animal models. Fourth article was an study, which treated the stem cells in hyperglycemic environment and drafted the molecular pathway. The altered molecular pathways in dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs), dental papilla cells (DPCs), and stem cells from apical papilla were studied and empowered with statistical analysis. Thus with this systematic review, we conclude that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 downregulation causing deoxyribonucleic acid hypermethylation and gene silencing, activation of toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway are involved in suppressing cell proliferation and accelerated apoptosis in DESCs in high glucose environment. DPCs are suppressed from odonto differentiation by activation of TLR4 signaling and resulting inhibition of SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation in diabetic condition. NF-κB pathway activation causes decreased cell proliferation and enhanced differentiation in apical papilla stem cells in hyperglycemia. Further studies targeting various stages of odontogenesis can reveal more molecular insight.
PubMed: 33149430
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_159_20 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2022The regeneration and maintenance of the interdental papilla presents a great challenge to the clinician while smile designing. Proportions of papilla height (PH),...
BACKGROUND
The regeneration and maintenance of the interdental papilla presents a great challenge to the clinician while smile designing. Proportions of papilla height (PH), crestal PH (CPH), and proximal contact areas (PCA) are more stable parameters.
AIM
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and correlate the papilla proportion (PP), crestal PP (CPP), and PCA proportion (PCAP) in periodontally healthy males and females.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and twenty patients in an age group of 20-40 years, divided equally based on gender, were assessed for PH, CPH, and PCA of maxillary anterior teeth. The findings were recorded on study models and radiographs to obtain the PP, CPP, and PCAP on the mesial and distal aspects of respective tooth.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The overall comparison of parameters was performed using paired -test.
RESULTS
The mean mesial PP (43.51% ± 3.10% for male and 45.23% ± 2.23% for female) and CPP values (48.36% ± 3.35% for male and 51.16% ± 2.96% for female) were found to be greater of each tooth type and were more pronounced for females. The PCAP values were greater for distal aspects (36.76% ± 7.00% for males and 33.30% ± 6.93% for females).
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that PP and CPP are more pronounced in females, while the PCAP is more marked in males. Furthermore, it appears that the PP and CPP are inversely related to the PCAP in both males and females.
PubMed: 36339384
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_251_21 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research Sep 2021Tooth eruption is closely linked to the normal development of dentition and proper establishment of occlusion. Disturbances in tooth eruption may affect oral... (Review)
Review
Tooth eruption is closely linked to the normal development of dentition and proper establishment of occlusion. Disturbances in tooth eruption may affect oral physiological functions, facial contour and aesthetics; it is therefore important to understand the eruption process. This process is a complex biological event involving dynamic changes at the tissue and cellular levels. It is guided by anatomical structures as well as biological and molecular factors that result in the movement of the tooth to its final functional position in the oral cavity. Evidence increasingly suggests that stem cells contribute to tooth development and eruption. Multiple stem cell populations have been discovered in teeth and in their supporting tissues, such as dental follicle precursor cells, orofacial bone-/bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from the apical papilla and dental pulp stem cells. These stem cells exhibit distinct differentiation capacities and are closely linked to alveolar bone remodelling, periodontium development and root formation during the eruption process. The present review summarises the current knowledge of the characteristics and functions of orofacial stem cells in tooth eruption, with a particular focus on recent discoveries concerning their lineage allocation and regulatory mechanisms.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Periodontal Ligament; Stem Cells; Tooth; Tooth Eruption
PubMed: 34491008
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b1965049 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 2018Over the past few decades, scientific research into neural crest-derived stem cells has progressed rapidly. The migration and differentiation of neural crest-derived... (Review)
Review
Over the past few decades, scientific research into neural crest-derived stem cells has progressed rapidly. The migration and differentiation of neural crest-derived stem cells has been an interesting area of research. Stem cells within teeth originating from the embryonic neural crest have attracted increasing attention in clinical and scientific research because they are easy to obtain and have superb stemness. The stem cells within the teeth include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). To date, there have been several interesting studies focusing on dental pulp regeneration, neural regeneration and the revascularization for therapeutic applications.
Topics: Humans; Neural Crest; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tooth
PubMed: 29808172
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.a40435 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2021Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells in tissue repair and regeneration due to their featured properties of self-renewal and multipotency. However, a... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells in tissue repair and regeneration due to their featured properties of self-renewal and multipotency. However, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that MSCs exert biological functions mainly through secreting exosomes. Exosomes, which contain RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, are new players in regulating many fundamental processes and play important roles in regenerative medicine. Exosomes not only mimic the effects of their parent cells but also possess many advantages such as high drug loading capacity, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and low side effects. Currently, a total of 6 different dental stem cells (DSCs) including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) have been isolated and identified. DSC-derived exosomes (DSC-Exos) are actively involved in intercellular communication, anti-inflammation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, nurturing neurons, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In this review, we will critically review the emerging role and clinical application potential of DSC-Exos.
PubMed: 34764982
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.750990 -
The Neurovascular Properties of Dental Stem Cells and Their Importance in Dental Tissue Engineering.Stem Cells International 2016Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for... (Review)
Review
Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth. As adequate vascularization and innervation are essential components for the viability of regenerated tissues, there is a high need for easily accessible stem cells that are capable of supporting these functions. Within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues, different stem cell populations can be distinguished, such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Given their straightforward and relatively easy isolation from extracted third molars, dental stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source of mesenchymal-like stem cells. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies supporting the angiogenic, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic effects of the DSC secretome. Together with their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and neural cell types, this makes DSCs suitable candidates for dental tissue engineering and nerve injury repair.
PubMed: 27688777
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762871 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021Embryonic development and stem cell differentiation are orchestrated by changes in sequential binding of regulatory transcriptional factors to their motifs. These...
Embryonic development and stem cell differentiation are orchestrated by changes in sequential binding of regulatory transcriptional factors to their motifs. These processes are invariably accompanied by the alternations in chromatin accessibility, conformation, and histone modification. Odontoblast lineage originates from cranial neural crest cells and is crucial in dentinogenesis. Our previous work revealed several transcription factors (TFs) that promote odontoblast differentiation. However, it remains elusive as to whether chromatin accessibility affects odontoblast terminal differentiation. Herein, integration of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq revealed that odontoblast differentiation using dental papilla cells at E18.5 was comparable to the crown odontoblast differentiation trajectory of OC (osteocalcin)-positive odontogenic lineage. Before odontoblast differentiation, ATAC-seq and H3K27Ac CUT and Tag experiments demonstrated high accessibility of chromatin regions adjacent to genes associated with odontogenic potential. However, following odontoblastic induction, regions near mineralization-related genes became accessible. Integration of RNA-seq and ATAC-seq results further revealed that the expression levels of these genes were correlated with the accessibility of nearby chromatin. Time-course ATAC-seq experiments further demonstrated that odontoblast terminal differentiation was correlated with the occupation of the basic region/leucine zipper motif (bZIP) TF family, whereby we validated the positive role of ATF5 . Collectively, this study reports a global mapping of open chromatin regulatory elements during dentinogenesis and illustrates how these regions are regulated via dynamic binding of different TF families, resulting in odontoblast terminal differentiation. The findings also shed light on understanding the genetic regulation of dentin regeneration using dental mesenchymal stem cells.
PubMed: 34901015
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.769193 -
World Journal of Stem Cells Mar 2015Tissue engineering is an emerging field of science that focuses on creating suitable conditions for the regeneration of tissues. The basic components for tissue... (Review)
Review
Tissue engineering is an emerging field of science that focuses on creating suitable conditions for the regeneration of tissues. The basic components for tissue engineering involve an interactive triad of scaffolds, signaling molecules, and cells. In this context, stem cells (SCs) present the characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation capacity, which make them promising candidates for tissue engineering. Although they present some common markers, such as cluster of differentiation (CD)105, CD146 and STRO-1, SCs derived from various tissues have different patterns in relation to proliferation, clonogenicity, and differentiation abilities in vitro and in vivo. Tooth-derived tissues have been proposed as an accessible source to obtain SCs with limited morbidity, and various tooth-derived SCs (TDSCs) have been isolated and characterized, such as dental pulp SCs, SCs from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament SCs, dental follicle progenitor cells, SCs from apical papilla, and periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth SCs. However, heterogeneity among these populations has been observed, and the best method to select the most appropriate TDSCs for regeneration approaches has not yet been established. The objective of this review is to outline the current knowledge concerning the various types of TDSCs, and discuss the perspectives for their use in regenerative approaches.
PubMed: 25815123
DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.399 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... May 2021This systematic review evaluates the available scientific literature to demonstrate the aesthetic and clinical benefits and to determine the survival and the success of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This systematic review evaluates the available scientific literature to demonstrate the aesthetic and clinical benefits and to determine the survival and the success of zirconium dioxide implants concerning titanium implants.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The electronic databases were searched until January 2020. Outcome measures were pink aesthetic score (PAS), white aesthetic score (WAS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD). The addressed PICO question was: In partially edentulous patients in the upper-anterior sector, do zirconium dioxide implants provide aesthetic benefits over conventional titanium implants?
RESULTS
In the 15 articles included after the screening were evaluated respectively, the pink aesthetic score, white aesthetics score, the peri-implant, and crown index, bleeding on probing, plaque index, probing pocket depth, radiographic bone loss, papilla height, and survival and success rate. The results show how the aesthetic and clinical benefits and the survival and success rate of zirconium dioxide implants are, in general, better than titanium implants.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the optimal aesthetics, clinical and survival results obtained in the review, more studies are needed to confirm these data. Ceramic dental implants, zirconia implants, esthetics, zirconium dioxide and zirconia.
PubMed: 33981400
DOI: 10.4317/jced.58063