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Journal of Oral Biosciences Mar 2023Bone, platelet concentrate, and tooth-derived dentin/cementum have been used as autologous materials in regenerative medicine Dentin materials were first recycled in... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Bone, platelet concentrate, and tooth-derived dentin/cementum have been used as autologous materials in regenerative medicine Dentin materials were first recycled in 2002 for bone regeneration in humans, although bone autografts were noted in the 19th century, and auto-platelet concentrates were developed in 1998. Dentin/cementum-based material therapy has been applied as an innovative technique for minimally invasive bone surgery, while bone autografts are associated with donor site morbidity.
METHODS
In October 2021, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases from 1980 to 2020 were screened.
RESULTS
The demineralized dentin/cementum matrix (DDM) had better performance in bone induction and bone regeneration than mineralized dentin.
CONCLUSIONS
Unlike cell culture therapy, DDM is a matrix-based therapy that includes growth factors. A matrix-based system is a realistic and acceptable treatment, even in developing countries. The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence related to both animal studies and human clinical cases using human dentin materials with a patch of cementum, especially DDM.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dentin; Bone Regeneration; Animals, Laboratory; Dental Cementum
PubMed: 36336319
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.10.003 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Feb 2022Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very...
Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very little is known about the differential role of functionally and spatially distinct types of dental epithelium during odontoblast development. Here we show morphological and functional differences in dentin located in the crown and roots of mouse molar and analogous parts of continuously growing incisors. Using a reporter (DSPP-cerulean/DMP1-cherry) mouse strain and mice with ectopic enamel (Spry2 ;Spry4 ), we show that the different microstructure of dentin is initiated in the very beginning of dentin matrix production and is maintained throughout the whole duration of dentin growth. This phenomenon is regulated by the different inductive role of the adjacent epithelium. Thus, based on the type of interacting epithelium, we introduce more generalized terms for two distinct types of dentins: cementum versus enamel-facing dentin. In the odontoblasts, which produce enamel-facing dentin, we identified uniquely expressed genes (Dkk1, Wisp1, and Sall1) that were either absent or downregulated in odontoblasts, which form cementum-facing dentin. This suggests the potential role of Wnt signalling on the dentin structure patterning. Finally, we show the distribution of calcium and magnesium composition in the two developmentally different types of dentins by utilizing spatial element composition analysis (LIBS). Therefore, variations in dentin inner structure and element composition are the outcome of different developmental history initiated from the very beginning of tooth development. Taken together, our results elucidate the different effects of dental epithelium, during crown and root formation on adjacent odontoblasts and the possible role of Wnt signalling which together results in formation of dentin of different quality. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dentin; Epithelium; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Incisor; Mice; Odontoblasts; Odontogenesis
PubMed: 34783080
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4471 -
Biology Letters Apr 2022In amniotes, daily rates of dentine formation in non-ever-growing teeth range from less than 1 to over 25 μm per day. The latter value has been suggested to represent...
In amniotes, daily rates of dentine formation in non-ever-growing teeth range from less than 1 to over 25 μm per day. The latter value has been suggested to represent the upper limit of odontoblast activity in non-ever-growing teeth, a hypothesis supported by the lack of scaling between dentine apposition rates and body mass in Dinosauria. To determine the correlates and potential controls of dentine apposition rate, we assembled a dataset of apposition rates, metabolic rates and body masses for 80 amniote taxa of diverse ecologies and diets. We used phylogenetic regression to test for scaling relationships and reconstruct ancestral states of daily dentine apposition across Amniota. We find no relationship between body mass and daily dentine apposition rate (DDAR) for non-ever-growing teeth in Amniota as a whole or within major clades. Metabolic rate, the number of tooth generations, diet and habitat also do not predict or correspond with DDARs. Similar DDARs are found in large terrestrial mammals, dinosaurs and marine reptiles, whereas primates, cetaceans and some smaller marine reptiles independently evolved exceptionally slow rates. Life-history factors may explain the evolution of dentine apposition rates, which evolved rapidly at the origin of major clades.
Topics: Animals; Dentin; Dinosaurs; Mammals; Phylogeny; Reptiles; Tooth
PubMed: 35472282
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0092 -
Journal of Endodontics Jan 2017Endodontics uses cell therapy strategies to treat pulpal and periapical diseases. During these therapies, surgeons aim to reconstruct the natural microenvironments that... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Endodontics uses cell therapy strategies to treat pulpal and periapical diseases. During these therapies, surgeons aim to reconstruct the natural microenvironments that regulate the activity of dental stem cells.
METHODS
We searched for more than 400 articles in PubMed using key words from regenerative endodontics and dental stem cell biology. In 268 articles, we reviewed what factors may influence histologic results after preclinical dental treatments that use regenerative endodontic procedures after pulpectomy.
RESULTS
Several factors, such as the origin of stem cells, the biomimicry of scaffolds used, and the size of lesions, are considered to influence the histologic appearance of the regenerated pulp-dentin complex after treatments. Information is accumulating on transcription factors that generate the pulp-dentin complex and survival/trophic factors that would benefit niche recovery and histologic results.
CONCLUSIONS
In this article, we discuss the noninterchangeability of stem cells, the influence of dentin-entrapped molecule release on pulp regeneration and survival of stem cells, and the need of positional markers to assess treatments histologically. The ex vivo amplification of appropriate dental stem cells, the search for scaffolds storing the molecular diversity entrapped in the dentin, and the use of positional transcription factors as histologic markers are necessary to improve future preclinical experiments.
Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Dentin; Humans; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Root Canal Therapy; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 27986102
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.09.011 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024It is remarkable how teeth maintain their healthy condition under exceptionally high levels of mechanical loading. This suggests the presence of inherent mechanical... (Review)
Review
It is remarkable how teeth maintain their healthy condition under exceptionally high levels of mechanical loading. This suggests the presence of inherent mechanical adaptation mechanisms within their structure to counter constant stress. Dentin, situated between enamel and pulp, plays a crucial role in mechanically supporting tooth function. Its intermediate stiffness and viscoelastic properties, attributed to its mineralized, nanofibrous extracellular matrix, provide flexibility, strength, and rigidity, enabling it to withstand mechanical loading without fracturing. Moreover, dentin's unique architectural features, such as odontoblast processes within dentinal tubules and spatial compartmentalization between odontoblasts in dentin and sensory neurons in pulp, contribute to a distinctive sensory perception of external stimuli while acting as a defensive barrier for the dentin-pulp complex. Since dentin's architecture governs its functions in nociception and repair in response to mechanical stimuli, understanding dentin mechanobiology is crucial for developing treatments for pain management in dentin-associated diseases and dentin-pulp regeneration. This review discusses how dentin's physical features regulate mechano-sensing, focusing on mechano-sensitive ion channels. Additionally, we explore advanced in vitro platforms that mimic dentin's physical features, providing deeper insights into fundamental mechanobiological phenomena and laying the groundwork for effective mechano-therapeutic strategies for dentinal diseases.
Topics: Dentin; Humans; Animals; Odontoblasts; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Biomechanical Phenomena; Dental Pulp; Extracellular Matrix
PubMed: 38891829
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115642 -
Australian Dental Journal Sep 2015Carious affected dentine (CAD) represents a very common substrate in adhesive dentistry. Despite its ability to interact with adhesive systems, the intrinsic character... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Carious affected dentine (CAD) represents a very common substrate in adhesive dentistry. Despite its ability to interact with adhesive systems, the intrinsic character of CAD leads to lower bonding compared with sound dentine, regardless of the adhesive systems used. This low bonding may be more susceptible to leakage and hydrolysis of the interface by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This systematic review aimed to determine current knowledge of CAD bonding, together with bond strength and MMP inhibitors' ability to prevent hybrid layer instability.
METHODS
MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus and The Cochrane Library databases were electronically searched for articles published from 1 January 1960 to 31 August 2014. Two reviewers independently screened and included papers according to predefined selection criteria.
RESULTS
The electronic searches identified 320 studies. After title, abstract and full-text examinations, 139 articles met the inclusion criteria. Data highlighted that a poor resin saturation of the already demineralized collagen matrix in CAD is strictly related to nanoleakage in interdiffusion and is the basis of the progressive decrease in strength with hydrolysis by MMPs. The use of mild self-etching systems seems to be the more accredited method to establish bonding in CAD. Inhibitors of MMPs may ensure better performance of CAD bonding, allowing undisturbed remineralization of the affected matrix.
CONCLUSIONS
CAD bonding needs further understanding and improvement, particularly to enhance the strength and durability of the hybrid layer.
Topics: Dental Bonding; Dental Caries; Dental Cements; Dental Leakage; Dentin; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 25790344
DOI: 10.1111/adj.12309 -
Journal of Endodontics Dec 2023Innovative file systems have been recently introduced, claiming improved effectiveness and superior ability to preserve the tooth structure, still allowing an efficient...
Comparative Evaluation of the Canal Shaping Ability, Pericervical Dentin Preservation, and Smear Layer Removal of TruNatomy, WaveOne Gold, and ProTaper Ultimate-An Ex Vivo Study in Human Teeth.
INTRODUCTION
Innovative file systems have been recently introduced, claiming improved effectiveness and superior ability to preserve the tooth structure, still allowing an efficient preparation and disinfection up to the apical region. Regardless, few data are available on the comparative effectiveness of the most recently developed systems. Thus, this ex vivo study aimed to comparatively evaluate, for the first time, the functionality of WaveOne Gold (WOG), TruNatomy (TN), and ProTaper Ultimate (PU) file systems regarding canal shaping, dentin preservation, and smear layer removal ability.
METHODS
Human maxillary incisors were randomly divided for instrumentation with one of the assayed systems. Canal shaping ability and pericervical dentin preservation were characterized through microtomographic evaluation and morphometric assessment (n = 15). Smear layer removal ability was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 6).
RESULTS
TN and PU presented the lowest canal volume variation upon instrumentation, found to be significantly lower than that attained with WOG (P < .05). Pericervical dentin was reduced in all groups upon instrumentation, with TN evidencing the highest preservation, quantitatively similar to PU, and significantly higher than that attained with WOG (P < .05). SEM imaging revealed the presence of scattered remnants of the smear layer and partially opened dentinal tubules at the apical portion, with no significant differences between systems.
CONCLUSIONS
TN and PU allowed for the highest tissue preservation, reporting the lowest volume variation and the highest preservation of the pericervical dentin. None of the assessed systems provided a complete removal of the smear layer in the apical region.
Topics: Humans; Smear Layer; Dentin; Dental Pulp Cavity; Gold; Root Canal Preparation; Root Canal Irrigants
PubMed: 37717909
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.09.002 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2024This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca (OCl)2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using confocal laser scanning microscopy...
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca (OCl)2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and dentin organic matrix alteration by picrosirius staining and light microscopy (LM). Samples of human extracted teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis by centrifugation of the bacterial suspension and were treated with Ca(OCl)2 or NaOCl at 0.5%, 2.5%, and 6% for 15, 30, and 60 seconds. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the proportions of dead/live bacteria in the canal lumen and border of the root canal. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher test. For LM analysis, one hundred bovine teeth were randomly divided into 10 test groups (n=10): G1- Without treatment; G2- 17% EDTA; G3- 6% NaOCl; G4- 6% NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. The samples were fragmented and stained with Picrosirius. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (P<0.05). There was a strong correlation between the results of the canal lumen and the border of the root canal (r=0.962). Both hypochlorites at a concentration of 0.5% showed less microbial reduction compared to 2.5% and 6% (P<0.05). There was less antimicrobial activity at 15 seconds compared to 30 and 60 seconds (P<0.05). Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl showed similar results at the same concentrations (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 caused fewer alterations to the dentin organic matrix at concentrations of 0.5% and 2.5%. Ca(OCl)2 presents antimicrobial activity similar to NaOCl, and collagen damage is concentration-dependent.
Topics: Sodium Hypochlorite; Dentin; Calcium Compounds; Enterococcus faecalis; Collagen; Humans; Anti-Infective Agents; Root Canal Irrigants; Cattle; Microscopy, Confocal; Animals; Dental Pulp Cavity; In Vitro Techniques
PubMed: 38922251
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202405771 -
Journal of Dental Research Aug 2014The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for in vitro and ex vivo studies that evaluated the effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for in vitro and ex vivo studies that evaluated the effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors during the adhesive procedure on the immediate and long-term resin-dentin bond strength. The search was conducted in 6 databases with no publication year or language limits, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. From 1,336 potentially eligible studies, 48 were selected for full-text analysis, and 30 were included for review, with 17 considered in the meta-analysis. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Pooled effect estimates were expressed as the weighted mean difference between groups. The most used MMP inhibitor was chlorhexidine (CHX). Immediate bond strength results showed no difference between 2% CHX and control; however, a difference was found between 0.2% CHX and control at baseline. After aging, CHX presented higher bond strength values compared to control groups (p < .05). However, this was not observed for longer periods of aging. High heterogeneity was found in some comparisons, especially for the water storage aging subgroup. Subgroup analyses showed that self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesives are benefited by the CHX use. From the studies included, only 1 presented low risk of bias, while the others showed medium or high risk of bias. The use of MMP inhibitors did not affect the immediate bond strength overall, while it influenced the aged bond strength. Aging procedures influenced bond strength values of the dentin adhesion stability.
Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Chlorhexidine; Dental Bonding; Dentin; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Stress, Mechanical; Time Factors
PubMed: 24935066
DOI: 10.1177/0022034514538046 -
Medical Principles and Practice :... 2021Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are present in radicular dentin and can convert structural matrix proteins into signaling molecules; thus, these enzymes play an...
OBJECTIVE
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are present in radicular dentin and can convert structural matrix proteins into signaling molecules; thus, these enzymes play an essential role in dentin biomineralization and tissue regeneration therapies. Their expression on radicular dentin may be affected by the irrigation solutions used during root canal treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the most common irrigants on radicular dentin MMP expression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental solutions were distilled water (control), 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 18% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Samples were prepared from extracted human teeth. For zymography analysis, root sections were powderized, and dentin proteins were extracted to observe gelatinolytic activity. Root dentin slices were treated with the experimental solutions for immunohistochemical analysis using anti-MMP-2 and anti-MMP-9 antibodies. ANOVA and the Tukey test were performed.
RESULTS
Zymograms revealed the presence of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-20 in the control group and the EDTA-treated group. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mainly associated with the dentinal tubule lumens and occasionally with intertubular dentin. NaOCl- and CHX-treated groups showed lower expression of MMPs than the control group. Immuno-staining for both proteinases in the EDTA-treated group showed higher expression compared to the other experimental groups.
CONCLUSION
Our results showed that most common irrigants affect MMP expression on radicular dentin. Treatment with NaOCl and chlorhexidine resulted in lower expression of MMPs, while EDTA increased their expression in root canal dentin.
Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dentin; Edetic Acid; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 34153965
DOI: 10.1159/000517887